Table 2.

Selected cognitive, psychomotor, and psychobiological changes in ecstasy users that may be related to serotonergic dysfunction

Cognitive deficits

Retrospective memory impairment

Prospective memory impairment

Working memory impairment

Deficits in complex cognition

Psychomotor deficits

Increased occurrence of twitches and tremors

Reduced motor speed

Impaired dexterity

Psychobiological changes

Sleep disturbances

Increased pain perception and reduced pain tolerance

Disturbed appetite and eating behavior

Depressed mood

Heightened anxiety

Increased aggressiveness

Note: Adapted from Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 37, Parrott AC, MDMA, serotonergic neurotoxicity, and the diverse func tional deficits of recreational ‘Ecstasy’ users, 1466–1484, copyright (2013), with permission from Elsevier.113