Table 1.
Health risks | Reference | |
---|---|---|
Hazardous elements in smoke | ||
CO carbon monoxide | • Subtle cardiovascular disorders | [34,38,64,82] |
• Neurobehavioral effects | ||
Tar | • Tumourgenicity | [1,10,38] |
• Mutagenicity | ||
Nicotine | • Nicotine intoxication | [36,38,64,83] |
• Accelerated atherosclerosis | ||
• Stroke | ||
• Hypertension | ||
• Delayed wound healing | ||
• Reproductive and perinatal disorders | ||
Volatile carcinogenic nitrosamines | • Bronchogenic carcinoma | [66–73] |
• Lung cancer | ||
• Oral cancer | ||
• Bladder cancer | ||
Volatile aldehydes | • Cancer | [45] |
Polonium 210 | • Bronchial cancer | [46,47] |
Hazardous elements in coal | ||
Arsenic | • Hypertension | [1,38,84] |
• Diabetes mellitus | ||
• Lung cancer | ||
• Bladder cancer | ||
• Keratosis | ||
• Hyperpigmentation | ||
Nickel | • Allergic reactions | [1,85] |
• Hypersensitivity | ||
• Headaches | ||
• Pulmonary cancers | ||
• Hepatic toxicities | ||
• Renal toxicities | ||
• Asthma | ||
• Bronchitis | ||
• Rhinitis | ||
• Sinusitis | ||
• Pneumoconiosis | ||
Chromium | • Lung cancer | [1,86] |
Cobalt | • Allergic dermatitis | [1,87] |
• Rhinitis | ||
• Asthma | ||
• Intense alveolitis | ||
• Pulmonary fibrosis | ||
Lead | • Atherosclerosis | [1,88–90] |
• Neurotoxic effects | ||
• Male infertility | ||
Hazardous elements in pipe | ||
Bacteria: | ||
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis | • Tuberculosis | [62,63] |
Viruses: | ||
• Herpes | • Irritated skin | [62,63] |
• Blisters | ||
• Skin ulcers | ||
• Fever | ||
• Hepatitis | • Liver damage | [62,63] |