Table 2.

Pharmacological effect of major phytochemicals in Phyllanthus amarus, P. debilis, P. fraternus, P. tenellus, P. urinaria, and P. virgatus.

Species	Class	Phytoconstituent	Pharmacological effect	Reference
P. amarus	Lignan	Phyllanthin	Hepatoprotective	[43]
			Anticancer, antitumour	[44]
			Antileukemia	[45]
			Antibacterial	[46]
			Antiamnestic	[47]
			Antiaging
			Antioxidant	[6]
			Anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic	[48]
		Hypophyllanthin	Antitumor, anticancer	[44]
		Niranthin	Antitumor	[20]
			Antiviral	[10]
			Anti-inflammatory	[9]
		Phyltetralin	Anti-inflammatory	[9]
		Nirtetralin	Anti-inflammatory	[9]
			Antiviral	[10]
			Reverses multidrug resistance	[49, 50]
		Hinokinin	Antiviral	[10]
	Flavonoid	Rutin	Radioprotective	[12]
			Antioxidant	[18]
		Quercetin-3-O-glucoside	Antioxidant	[18]
	Tannin	Geraniin	Antiviral	[10, 51]
			Radioprotective	[12]
			Hepatoprotective	[52]
		Amariin	Antioxidant	[18]
			Radioprotective	[12]
			Hepatoprotective	[52]
		Repandusinic acid A	Antioxidant	[18]
			Radioprotective	[12]
		Corilagin	Antioxidant	[18]
			Radioprotective	[12]
			Antiviral	[51]
		Phyllanthusiin A, B, C, D	Antioxidant	[18]
			radioprotective	[12]
	Alkaloid	Norsecurinine	Antifungal	[21]
	Volatile oil	Linalool, phytol	Antimicrobial	[24, 53]
	Polyphenol		Anticancer	[54]
P. fraternus	Alkamide	E,E-2,4-Octadienamide	Antiplasmodial	[28]
		E,Z-2,4-Decadienamide	Antiplasmodial	[28]
P. debilis	Oxirano-furanocoumarin	Debelalactone	Antihepatotoxic	[25]
P. tenellus	Lignan	Niranthin	Antiviral	[10]
		Nirtetralin	Antiviral	[10]
		Hinokinin	Antiviral	[10]
P. urinaria	Lignan	Phyltetralin	Anti-inflammatory	[31]
		Phyllanthin	Anti-inflammatory	[31]
	Flavonoid	Quercetin	Anti-inflammatory	[31]
		Rutin	Anti-inflammatory	[31]
		Rhamnocitrin	Anti-inflammatory	[31]
	Coumarin	Methylbrevifolin carboxylate	Antioxidant	[31]
	Ellagitannin	Geraniin	Antiviral	[55]
			Antioxidant	[56]
		Ellagic acid	Antiangiogenic	[57]
			Antiviral	[37]
	Sterol	β-Sitosterol	Analgesic	[58]
			Anti-inflammatory	[59]
	Triterpene	β-Amyrin	Analgesic	[60]
		Methyl gallate	Antioxidant	[31]
		Trimethyl 1-3,4 dehydrochebulate	Antioxidant	[31]
P. virgatus	Lignan	Niranthin	Antiviral	[10]
		Nirtetralin	Antiviral	[10]
		Hinokinin	Antiviral	[10]
		Virgatusin	Antibacterial	[61]
	Ellagitannin	Geraniin	Antiviral	[10]