Table 3. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of early adolescent smoking initiation (<age 15) by type of abuse during childhood: NHSII (N = 68,107).
Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
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OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Severity of physical violence | ||||||
None | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Mild | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | <.0001 | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | <.0001 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | .000 |
Moderate | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | <.0001 | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | <.0001 | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | <.0001 |
Severe | 2.3 (2.0–2.5) | <.0001 | 2.1 (1.9–2.4) | <.0001 | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) | <.0001 |
Severity of sexual violence | ||||||
None | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Touch | 1.6 (1.4–1.7) | <.0001 | 1.5 (1.4–1.7) | <.0001 | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) | <.0001 |
Touch and/or forced sex | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | <.0001 | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | <.0001 | 1.4 (1.3–1.6) | <.0001 |
Age at baseline | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | <.0001 | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | <.0001 | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | <.0001 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||
White, non-Hispanic | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Black, non-Hispanic | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | .013 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | .018 | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | .028 |
Hispanic | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | .003 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | .014 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | .015 |
Asian | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | <.0001 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | .001 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | .001 |
Others | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | .848 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | .856 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | .803 |
Parental smoking during childhood | ||||||
None smoked | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Father smoked | 1.5 (1.4–1.7) | <.0001 | 1.5 (1.4–1.7) | <.0001 | ||
Mother smoked | 2.5 (2.2–2.9) | <.0001 | 2.5 (2.2–2.8) | <.0001 | ||
Both parents smoked | 2.4 (2.2–2.7) | <.0001 | 2.4 (2.2–2.6) | <.0001 | ||
Emotional support from family member* | ||||||
Never | 1.0 | |||||
Rarely | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | .517 | ||||
Sometimes | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | .282 | ||||
Often | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | .003 | ||||
Very often | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | <.0001 | ||||
Physical and sexual violence | ||||||
None (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Physical violence only | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) | <.0001 | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | <.0001 | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | <.0001 |
Sexual violence only | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | <.0001 | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | <.0001 | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | <.0001 |
Both physical and sexual violence | 2.5 (2.2–2.7) | <.0001 | 2.3 (2.1–2.5) | <.0001 | 2.0 (1.8–2.3) | <.0001 |
Age at baseline | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | <.0001 | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | <.0001 | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | <.0001 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||
White, non-Hispanic | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Black, non-Hispanic | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | .010 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | .015 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | .025 |
Hispanic | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | .004 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | .017 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | .017 |
Asian | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | <.0001 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | .001 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | .001 |
Others | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | .886 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | .902 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | .826 |
Parental smoking during childhood | ||||||
None smoked | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Father smoked | 1.6 (1.4–1.7) | <.0001 | 1.5 (1.4–1.7) | <.0001 | ||
Mother smoked | 2.5 (2.2–2.9) | <.0001 | 2.5 (2.2–2.8) | <.0001 | ||
Both parents smoked | 2.4 (2.2–2.7) | <.0001 | 2.4 (2.2–2.7) | <.0001 | ||
Emotional support from family member* | ||||||
Never | 1.0 | |||||
Rarely | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | .368 | ||||
Sometimes | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | .094 | ||||
Often | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | <.0001 | ||||
Very often | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | <.0001 |
CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
p < .0001 for trend test.