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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Feb 23.
Published in final edited form as: J Adolesc Health. 2008 Mar 6;43(1):55–63. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.12.003

Table 3. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of early adolescent smoking initiation (<age 15) by type of abuse during childhood: NHSII (N = 68,107).

Variable Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
OR (95% CI) p-value OR (95% CI) p-value OR (95% CI) p-value
Severity of physical violence
 None 1.0 1.0 1.0
 Mild 1.3 (1.2–1.5) <.0001 1.3 (1.1–1.4) <.0001 1.2 (1.1–1.3) .000
 Moderate 1.4 (1.3–1.5) <.0001 1.4 (1.3–1.5) <.0001 1.3 (1.2–1.4) <.0001
 Severe 2.3 (2.0–2.5) <.0001 2.1 (1.9–2.4) <.0001 1.9 (1.7–2.1) <.0001
Severity of sexual violence
 None 1.0 1.0 1.0
 Touch 1.6 (1.4–1.7) <.0001 1.5 (1.4–1.7) <.0001 1.5 (1.4–1.6) <.0001
 Touch and/or forced sex 1.6 (1.4–1.8) <.0001 1.5 (1.3–1.7) <.0001 1.4 (1.3–1.6) <.0001
Age at baseline 1.0 (1.0–1.0) <.0001 1.0 (0.9–1.0) <.0001 1.0 (0.9–1.0) <.0001
Race/ethnicity
 White, non-Hispanic 1.0 1.0 1.0
 Black, non-Hispanic 0.6 (0.4–0.9) .013 0.6 (0.4–0.9) .018 0.6 (0.4–1.0) .028
 Hispanic 0.6 (0.4–0.8) .003 0.6 (0.4–0.9) .014 0.6 (0.4–0.9) .015
 Asian 0.4 (0.3–0.6) <.0001 0.5 (0.3–0.7) .001 0.5 (0.3–0.7) .001
 Others 1.0 (0.7–1.3) .848 1.0 (0.7–1.3) .856 1.0 (0.7–1.3) .803
Parental smoking during childhood
 None smoked 1.0 1.0
 Father smoked 1.5 (1.4–1.7) <.0001 1.5 (1.4–1.7) <.0001
 Mother smoked 2.5 (2.2–2.9) <.0001 2.5 (2.2–2.8) <.0001
 Both parents smoked 2.4 (2.2–2.7) <.0001 2.4 (2.2–2.6) <.0001
Emotional support from family member*
 Never 1.0
 Rarely 0.9 (0.8–1.1) .517
 Sometimes 0.9 (0.7–1.1) .282
 Often 0.8 (0.6–0.9) .003
 Very often 0.7 (0.6–0.8) <.0001
Physical and sexual violence
 None (reference) 1.0 1.0 1.0
 Physical violence only 1.5 (1.4–1.6) <.0001 1.4 (1.3–1.5) <.0001 1.3 (1.2–1.4) <.0001
 Sexual violence only 1.6 (1.4–1.8) <.0001 1.6 (1.4–1.8) <.0001 1.5 (1.3–1.7) <.0001
 Both physical and sexual violence 2.5 (2.2–2.7) <.0001 2.3 (2.1–2.5) <.0001 2.0 (1.8–2.3) <.0001
Age at baseline 1.0 (1.0–1.0) <.0001 1.0 (0.9–1.0) <.0001 1.0 (0.9–1.0) <.0001
Race/ethnicity
 White, non-Hispanic 1.0 1.0 1.0
 Black, non-Hispanic 0.6 (0.4–0.9) .010 0.6 (0.4–0.9) .015 0.6 (0.4–0.9) .025
 Hispanic 0.6 (0.4–0.8) .004 0.6 (0.4–0.9) .017 0.6 (0.4–0.9) .017
 Asian 0.4 (0.3–0.6) <.0001 0.5 (0.3–0.7) .001 0.5 (0.3–0.7) .001
 Others 1.0 (0.7–1.3) .886 1.0 (0.7–1.3) .902 1.0 (0.7–1.3) .826
Parental smoking during childhood
 None smoked 1.0 1.0
 Father smoked 1.6 (1.4–1.7) <.0001 1.5 (1.4–1.7) <.0001
 Mother smoked 2.5 (2.2–2.9) <.0001 2.5 (2.2–2.8) <.0001
 Both parents smoked 2.4 (2.2–2.7) <.0001 2.4 (2.2–2.7) <.0001
Emotional support from family member*
 Never 1.0
 Rarely 0.9 (0.8–1.1) .368
 Sometimes 0.9 (0.7–1.0) .094
 Often 0.7 (0.6–0.8) <.0001
 Very often 0.6 (0.5–0.8) <.0001

CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.

*

p < .0001 for trend test.