Table 4. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of adolescent smoking (ages 15–19) by timing and type of abuse: NHSII (N = 68,107).
Variable | Model 1: childhood only | Model 1: childhood and adolescence | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
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OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Physical and sexual abuse | ||||||||
Childhood | ||||||||
None | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Physical abuse only | 1.4 (1.4–1.5) | <.0001 | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | <.0001 | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | .004 | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | .023 |
Sexual abuse only | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | <.0001 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | <.0001 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | <.0001 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | <.0001 |
Both physical and sexual abuse | 1.7 (1.6–1.8) | <.0001 | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | <.0001 | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | .005 | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | .040 |
Adolescence | ||||||||
None | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
Physical abuse only | 1.6 (1.6–1.7) | <.0001 | 1.6 (1.5–1.7) | <.0001 | 1.6 (1.5–1.7) | <.0001 | ||
Sexual abuse only | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) | <.0001 | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) | <.0001 | 1.5 (1.4–1.5) | <.0001 | ||
Both physical and sexual abuse | 2.2 (2.1–2.4) | <.0001 | 2.2 (2.0–2.3) | <.0001 | 2.1 (2.0–2.3) | <.0001 | ||
Age at baseline | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | <.0001 | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | <.0001 | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | <.0001 | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | <.0001 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
White, non-Hispanic | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Black, non-Hispanic | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | <.0001 | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | <.0001 | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | <.0001 | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | <.0001 |
Hispanic | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | <.0001 | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | <.0001 | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | <.0001 | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | <.0001 |
Asian | 0.3 (0.3–0.4) | <.0001 | 0.3 (0.3–0.4) | <.0001 | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | <.0001 | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | <.0001 |
Others | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | .075 | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 0.044 | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | .048 | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | .044 |
Parental smoking during childhood | ||||||||
None smoked | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Father smoked | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) | <.0001 | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) | <.0001 | ||||
Mother smoked | 2.0 (1.9–2.2) | <.0001 | 2.0 (1.9–2.2) | <.0001 | ||||
Both parents smoked | 2.0 (1.9–2.0) | <.0001 | 1.9 (1.9–2.0) | <.0001 | ||||
Emotional support from family member* | ||||||||
Never | 1.0 | |||||||
Rarely | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | .573 | ||||||
Sometimes | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | .849 | ||||||
Often | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | .161 | ||||||
Very often | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | .060 |
CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
p < .0001 for trend test.