Primary: the main cohort from central Pennsylvania that was used to develop the DiaRem score. AZ: the first replication cohort from Scottsdale, Arizona. PA: the second replication cohort also from Central Pennsylvania. Cochran-Armitage trend tests were used to confirm that lower DiaRem scores were associated with higher chance of remission in each cohort (P < 0·0001). When pooling together the DiaRem scores from the three cohorts, the following mean probability ranges were obtained: DiaRem 0–2: 87%, 3–7: 66%, 8–12: 32%, 13–17: 16%, 18–22: 5%. Basic characteristics of the three cohorts are provided in Table 1.