Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate associations between outcomes and hygiene exposures in 6821 schoolchildren
| Hygiene exposure | SPT OR (95% CI) p Value |
Wheeze OR (95% CI) p Value |
Rhinitis OR (95% CI) p Value |
Eczema OR (95% CI) p Value |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |
| Pets inside home Yes vs no |
0.91 (0.78 to 1.06) 0.215 |
1.09 (0.93 to 1.29) 0.296 |
1.34 (1.09 to 1.62) 0.005 |
1.34 (1.09 to 1.63) 0.004 |
1.28 (1.03 to 1.60) 0.031 |
1.19 (0.94 to 1.51) 0.151 |
||
| Crowding ≥3 vs <3 |
0.79 (0.67 to 0.92) 0.004 |
0.97 (0.82 to 1.16) 0.733 |
0.86 (0.70 to 1.05) 0.133 |
0.81 (0.66 to 1.0) 0.053 |
0.88 (0.71 to 1.11) 0.276 |
|||
| Birth order ≥5th vs ≤4th |
1.58 (0.98 to 1.37) 0.084 |
0.75 (0.62 to 0.91) 0.003 |
0.75 (0.61 to 0.91) 0.005 |
0.62 (0.49 to 0.78) <0.001 |
0.62 (0.49 to 0.79) <0.001 |
0.79 (0.62 to 1.02) 0.069 |
0.78 (0.60 to 1.02) 0.070 |
|
| Bathroom Field vs others |
0.91 (0.76 to 1.09) 0.299 |
1.19 (0.99 to 1.43) 0.054 |
1.32 (1.08 to 1.62) 0.008 |
1.44 (1.13 to 1.83) 0.003 |
0.80 (0.62 to 1.04) 0.097 |
|||
| Potable drinking water No vs yes |
1.05 (0.81 to 1.34) 0.700 |
1.21 (1.02 to 1.43) 0.028 |
1.44 (1.16 to 1.78) 0.001 |
0.92 (0.72 to 1.20) 0.562 |
0.79 (0.59 to 1.06) 0.123 |
0.96 (0.78 to 1.20) 0.771 |
||
| Attended daycare Yes vs no |
0.96 (0.82 to 1.12) 0.642 |
0.99 (0.84 to 1.16) 0.889 |
1.11 (0.92 to 1.33) 0.296 |
1.28 (1.4 to 1.59) 0.023 |
1.28 (1.02 to 1.60) 0.037 |
|||
| House construction Wood/bamboo vs others |
1.14 (0.98 to 1.33) 0.087 |
0.95 (0.81 to 1.12) 0.508 |
1.12 (0.93 to 1.35) 0.242 |
1.28 (1.03 to 1.61) 0.027 |
1.02 (0.83 to 1.26) 0.854 |
|||
| Father engaged in agriculture Yes vs no |
1.55 (1.32 to 1.81) <0.001 |
1.24 (1.01 to 1.51) 0.036 |
0.89 (0.74 to 1.06) 0.176 |
0.86 (0.70 to 1.05) 0.144 |
0.82 (0.66 to 1.01) 0.062 |
0.89 (0.69 to 1.15) 0.386 |
1.24 (0.99 to 1.56) 0.055 |
|
| Contact with farm animals* Yes vs no |
1.40 (1.18 to 1.66) <0.001 |
1.15 (0.95 to 1.41) 0.146 |
1.03 (0.85 to 1.25) 0.781 |
1.28 (1.04 to 1.59) 0.021 |
1.50 (1.19 to 1.91) 0.001 |
1.38 (1.09 to 1.75) 0.008 |
1.41 (1.07 to 1.84) 0.014 |
|
| Unpasteurised milk† Yes vs no |
1.13 (0.97 to 1.32) 0.109 |
1.05 (0.89 to 1.24) 0.557 |
1.02 (0.85 to 1.24) 0.810 |
1.34 (1.08 to 1.65) 0.008 |
1.13 (0.89 to 1.43) 0.321 |
|||
| Any geohelminth Yes vs no |
0.66 (0.56 to 0.77) <0.001 |
1.12 (0.95 to 1.34) 0.165 |
0.94 (0.78 to 1.14) 0.550 |
0.97 (0.78 to 1.21) 0.810 |
1.31 (0.93 to 1.85) 0.125 |
|||
|
Ascaris lumbricoides Yes vs no |
0.71 (0.59 to 0.84) <0.001 |
0.73 (0.60 to 0.89) 0.002 |
1.01 (0.84 to 1.20) 0.924 |
0.83 (0.68 to 1.02) 0.079 |
1.03 (0.82 to 1.29) 0.810 |
|||
|
Trichuris trichiura Yes vs no |
0.63 (0.53 to 0.73) <0.001 |
0.71 (0.59 to 0.85) <0.001 |
1.16 (0.98 to 1.36) 0.084 |
1.07 (0.88 to 1.29) 0.505 |
0.78 (0.63 to 0.97) 0.025 |
0.72 (0.51 to 1.02) 0.061 |
||
| Hookworm Yes vs no |
1.38 (1.01 to 1.88) 0.047 |
1.37 (0.95 to 1.97) 0.088 |
1.10 (0.77 to 1.58) 0.591 |
0.74 (0.46 to 1.20) 0.221 |
1.37 (0.90 to 2.12) 0.143 |
|||
Variables in multivariate analyses with p≤0.01 were considered statistically significant and are shown in bold type.
Median crowding was 3.
*Pigs, cows, horses, mules, donkeys.
†Consumption of unpasteurised milk at least once weekly.
SPT, skin prick test reactivity.