Table 1.
Patient characteristics, stratified by quartiles of osmolality at admission.
| 1 (n=246) | 2 (n=246) | 3 (n=246) | 4 (n=247) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Age (years, median) | 62 | 61 | 62 | 69 | <0.001 |
| Gender (%) | |||||
| Male | 66.50 | 67.20 | 66.90 | 61.90 | |
| Female | 33.50 | 32.80 | 33.10 | 38.10 | |
| eGFR (ml/min, median) | 93.96 | 95.35 | 84.45 | 62.04 | <0.001 |
| Baseline creatinine (mg/dl, median) | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.94 | 1.19 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2, median) | 26.86 | 27.35 | 26.98 | 26.76 | 0.22 |
| Heart rate (bpm, median) | 78 | 75 | 76 | 79.5 | 0.17 |
| SBP (mmHg, median) | 133 | 137 | 135 | 130 | 0.13 |
| CRP (mg/l, median) | 7 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 0.01 |
| Admission troponin I (ng/l, median) | 1.37 | 0.51 | 0.72 | 0.35 | 0.34 |
| Peak troponin I (ng/l, median) | 24.65 | 20.62 | 16.67 | 23.87 | 0.34 |
| Peak CK-MB (U/l, median) | 156 | 148 | 140 | 187.5 | 0.12 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors (%) | |||||
| CAD family history | 22.40 | 17.10 | 17.10 | 13.40 | 0.07 |
| Hypertension | 72.00 | 76.40 | 73.60 | 70.90 | 0.53 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 72.40 | 80.90 | 76.80 | 72.10 | 0.07 |
| Diabetes | 15.00 | 20.70 | 26.40 | 30.40 | <0.001 |
| Smoking | |||||
| Current | 43.50 | 43.50 | 35.40 | 27.10 | <0.001 |
| Prior | 8.90 | 12.60 | 8.90 | 8.90 | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Heart failure (LVEF <45%) | 9.00 | 7.00 | 10.30 | 16.30 | 0.02 |
| Previous MI | 11.40 | 11.80 | 11.80 | 13.40 | 0.91 |
| Previous PCI | 8.10 | 7.30 | 11.80 | 10.50 | 0.29 |
| Previous CABG | 1.60 | 2.80 | 1.60 | 3.20 | 0.52 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 6.90 | 6.50 | 5.70 | 10.50 | 0.18 |
| PAD | 6.90 | 1.20 | 4.90 | 5.70 | 0.02 |
| Prior stroke or TIA | 4.50 | 3.70 | 6.90 | 8.10 | 0.12 |
| History for malignant tumours | 8.10 | 5.70 | 2.40 | 4.00 | 0.03 |
| Clinical presentation | |||||
| NSTEMI | 32.10 | 43.10 | 34.10 | 27.10 | 0.002 |
| STEMI | 67.90 | 56.90 | 65.90 | 72.90 | |
| Vessel disease (stenosis > 50%) | |||||
| 1 vessel | 55.70 | 54.60 | 58.60 | 44.90 | 0.17 |
| 2 vessels | 29.70 | 29.20 | 25.60 | 34.30 | |
| 3 vessels | 14.60 | 16.20 | 15.80 | 20.70 | |
| Stent type | |||||
| DES | 25.80 | 26.80 | 30.20 | 27.20 | 0.79 |
| BMS | 74.20 | 73.20 | 69.80 | 72.80 | |
| Shock | 8.50 | 4.50 | 6.10 | 21.10 | <0.001 |
| Baseline values for osmolality calculation | |||||
| Osmolality (mosmol/kg, median) | 275.53 | 281.5 | 285.37 | 291.77 | <0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dl, median) | 14 | 16 | 17 | 23 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mmol/l, median) | 136 | 140 | 141 | 143 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dl, median) | 117 | 119 | 129 | 156 | <0.001 |
| Discharge medication (%) | |||||
| ACEIs | 58.60 | 53.30 | 55.90 | 55.80 | 0.73 |
| ARBs | 8.00 | 14.50 | 7.50 | 9.20 | 0.05 |
| Diuretics | 29.40 | 31.70 | 30.30 | 38.90 | 0.21 |
| Statins | 96.00 | 96.90 | 95.20 | 93.90 | 0.47 |
| Beta-blockers | 85.50 | 84.30 | 86.80 | 83.20 | 0.75 |
| Oral anticoagulation | 1.30 | 2.20 | 3.60 | 3.60 | 0.38 |
Comparisons throughout all groups were performed with the Chi-squared test for discrete characteristics or the Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous characteristics.
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BMS, bare metal stent; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CAD, coronary artery disease; CK-MB, creatine kinase-myocardial band; CRP, C-reactive protein; DES, drug-eluted stent; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (by Cockcroft Gault formula); LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; NSTEMI, non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP, systolic blood pressure; STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.