Table 2.

Medicinal plants and uses

Serial no.	Botanical names	Family	Local names	Life form	Part used	Plant occurrence status	Medicinal uses	Recipes
1	Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd.	Mimosaceae	Kekar	Tree	Bark	Wild	Wound healing	Dermal use of the wood ash on wounds.
2	Acacia modesta. Wall.	Mimosaceae	Palosa	Tree	Leaves	Wild	Tonic, stimulant	Powdered leaves or gum are taken orally at the rate of one teaspoon with milk to get instant energy. Also useful as a sex tonic.
3	Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile	Mimosaceae	Kekkar	Tree	Shoots	Wild	Carminative, Increase the sperm flow	Grind the newly born shoots along with some condiments (zeera) and pomegranate flowers, and use orally as carminative for infants.
4	Allium sativum. L.	Amaryllidaceae	Ezzha	Herb	Fruit	Cultivated	Decrease cholesterol, Bones disorders	3-5 pieces of garlic are taken orally on a daily basis to decrease the cholesterol level. Ground garlic with butter is used dermally for bone pains.
5	Aloe barbadensis Mill.	Asparagaceae	Zargaya	Shrub	Leaves	Wild	Wound healing	Cut the leaf and add powdered Curcuma longa for dermal use on wounds.
6	Amaranthus viridis L.	Amaranthaceae	Unknown	Herb	Leaves	Wild	Emollient	A decoction of the leaves is used dermally as an emollient and for inflammation. Root juice is also used for the same purpose.
7	Ampelodesmos mauritanicus (Poir.) T. Durand & Schinz	Poaceae	Khaas	Herb	Leaves	Wild	Vermicides	Leaves boiled in water and used orally.
8	Artemisia maritima L.	Asteraceae	Jhaan	Herb	Flowers	Wild	Vermicides	Grind the dried florets or flowers and take 1–2 tea spoons orally for intestinal worms.
9	Arundo donax L.	Poaceae	Kalam	Herb	Rhizome	Wild	Diuretic	Burn the underground part. The resultant ash is boiled with water, which is filtered then for oral uptake.
10	Asparagus adscendens Roxb.	Asparagaceae	Unknown	Herb	Rhizome	Wild	Carminative, Demulcent	Grind roots and make powder. Take this powder orally at the rate of one teaspoon.
11	Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss	Poaceae	Baanss	Herb	Leaves	Cultivated	Expectorant	Extract the juice from the leaves and take orally along with honey.
12	Bauhinia variegata L.	Papilionaceae	Kachnaal	Tree	Flowers	Cultivated	Carminative	Grind the dried flowers for oral uptake.
13	Brassica oleracea L.	Brassicaceae.	Gobee	Herb	Leaves	Cultivated	Vegetable, arthritis	Boil the leaves in water till it becomes greasy for dermal use on arthritis.
14	Brassica rapa L.	Brassicaceae	Shaljam	Herb	Whole plant	Cultivated	Blood purifier, appetizer,	Make as a pickle for an appetizer. Cook it as a vegetable, which helps in blood purification.
15	Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken	Crassulaceae	Zakham-hayat	Shrub	Whole plant	Wild/cultivated	Vermicide	Boil 10 grams of the plant in water and grind. Orally taken for 7 days on an empty stomach to kill the intestinal worms.
16	Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand	Apocynaceae	Spalmaka	Shrub	Milky extract	Wild	Dermatitis, antiseptic	Cut into portions to secrete the milky juice, which is used dermally for the curing dermatitis. Also used as an antiseptic.
17	Cannabis sativa L.	Cannabaceae	Bhaang	Shrub	Seeds, leaves	Wild/cultivated	Analgesic	Boil leaves and seeds in water and then spray the water dermally on painful areas.
18	Capparis aphylla. Roth, Nov.	Capparaceae	Karrir	Tree	Wood	Wild	Low back pain	Smolder the wood to charcoal, add 2–3 gram of this charcoal into the cooking oil to make a paste that is used dermally for back pain.
19	Caralluma tuberculata N.E.Br.	Apocynaceae	Pawoona	Shrub	Whole plant	Wild	Anti-diabetic, decrease cholesterol.	Cook it like a vegetable that is taken orally for diabetes treatment. Also, eat directly as a salad for sliming and for diabetic purposes.
20	Cassia fistula L.	Caesalpiniaceae	Garda nail	Tree	Fruits, leaves	Cultivated	Febrifuge, Purgative	Boil leaves and flowers as vegetables. Eat 2–4 fruits over 3 days for constipation.
21	Centaurea solstitialis L.	Asteraceae	Barham dandi	Herb	Whole plant	Wild	Febrifuge	2 spoons of powdered form are taken orally with water 3 times a day for 3 days.
22	Chirita asperifolia (Blume) B.L.Burtt	Gesneriaceae	Cherita	Herb	Leaves, flowers	Wild	Febrifuge	Take 25 grams of aerial part and boil it like green tea for reducing fever.
23	Chenopodium album L.	Amaranthaceae	Surma	Herb	Leaves, root	Wild	Laxative, Jaundice and urinary diseases	Extract the juice from their leaves, which is taken orally as a laxative.
24	Chenopodium ambrosioides L.	Amaranthaceae	Unknown	Herb	Fruits	Wild	Dyspepsia	The dried ripe fruits are crushed into powder form, which is taken orally with water.
25	Cicer arietinum L.	Papilionaceae	Chana	Herb	Fruits or grains	Cultivated	Ethno veterinary, skin itching	Grind their grains and massage this flour dermally on the itching places. Also used for ethno-veterinary purposes.
26	Cichorium intybus L.	Asteraceae	Bhangaara	Herb	Whole plant	Wild	Carminative	The whole plant is used for carminative purposes.
27	Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad	Cucurbitaceae	Indrine	Herb	Whole plant	Wild	Arthritis, head ache	Cook the plant or fruit in olive oil and massage into joints or head.
28	Convolvulus arvensis L.	Convolvulaceae	Parvateyee	Herb	Root	Wild	Purgative	Dried roots are grinded for oral uptake of 1–2 spoons.
29	Cordia gharaf Ehrenb. ex Asch.	Boraginaceae	Lasora	Tree	Fruit	Wild/cultivated	Asthma, expectorant	Dried fruits are used orally for the treatment of several diseases.
30	Coriandrum sativum L	Apiaceae	Dhania	Herb	Leaves	Cultivated	Carminative	Roast their leaves and take with water orally.
31	Cucumis sativus L.	Cucurbitaceae	Kera	Herb	Fruit	Cultivated	Febrifuge, stomach	Dermal use of grinded fruit on the lower part of the foot to treat fever. Also good for digestion.
32	Curcuma longa L.	Zingiberaceae	Kurkaman	Shrub	Rhizome	Cultivated	Analgesic, Flu and nasal congestion	Powder form is mixed with lime and dermally used on the painful area. Put powder form on the burning coal and inhale the smoke to instantly relieve nasal congestion.
33	Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.	Convolvulaceae	Akas bail	Herb	Whole plant	Wild	Wound healing, analgesic	Grind the plant in an adequate amount and cook it in the oil for dermal use on wounds.
34	Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng.	Poaceae	Kana	Herb	Whole plant	Wild	Dysentery, vermicides	Boil the leaves in water and the juice is taken orally as a vermicide.
35	Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf	Poaceae	Lemon grass	Herb	Leaves	Wild/cultivated	Febrifuge, Flu	Boil the leaves in water for 5 minutes and add water to the milk for oral use.
36	Cynodon dactylon var. coursii (A. Camus) J.R. Harlan & de Wet	Poaceae	Owshoo	Herb	Whole plant	Wild	Smallpox, bloody piles	Grind it along with Curcuma longa and rice. Use the mixture for smallpox. For piles treatment, grind it with Cannabis sativa leaves, add milk and use orally 2 times a day.
37	Dalbergia sissoo DC.	Papilionaceae	Sheesham	Tree	Leaves	Wild/cultivated	Mental disorder	Take 10 g leaves, add 3 pieces of black pepper and grind for oral use.
38	Datura stramonium L.	Solanaceae	Dhatoora	Herb	Roots, seeds	Wild	Asthma, expectorant	Roast the leaves and inhale the smoke for asthma. Seeds are used as expectorant. Excess use can be lethal.
39	Digera muricata (L.) Mart.	Amaranthaceae	Unknown	Herb	Leaves, shoots	Wild	Urinary tract infection	Leaves and shoots are taken orally as a vegetable to treat urinary tract infection.
40	Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.	Sapindaceae	Sanatha	Shrub	Leaves	Wild/cultivated	Rheumatism, swelling and burns	Grind the leaves and add small amount of water to make fine paste for dermal use.
41	Echinops echinatus Roxb.	Asteraceae	Ont katara	Herb	Roots	Wild	Liver disease	Root is mixed with vinegar to make tea for oral use.
42	Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.	Rosaceae	Alokaat	Tree	Fruits	Cultivated	Produce the fresh blood, stop the bleeding	Take simply their fruits orally for management of several diseases.
43	Eugenia jambolana Lam.	Myrtaceae	Jaman	Tree	Fruits, seeds	Cultivated	Antidiabetic, stomach problems	For stomach problems, grind the dried non-edible portion of fruits for oral uptake at a rate of 1–2 spoons daily for 3 days. Powder is also used for the treatment of diabetics.
44	Euphorbia helioscopia L.	Euphorbiaceae	Purporai	Herb	Shoot	Wild	Skin disease	Grind the dried shoots to powder for dermal use on the skin.
45	Euphorbia hirta L.	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Herb	Whole plant	Wild	Carminative, expectorant	Extract of milky juice is used orally for infants for both diseases.
46	Euphorbia tirucalli L.	Euphorbiaceae	Tohaar	Tree/shrub	Extract	Wild	Piles treatment	Extract their juice, add flour to it and make small tablets for oral use.
47	Fagonia arabica L.	Zygophyllaceae	Dhamasa	Shrub	Whole plant	Wild	Febrifuge, expectorant	Paste it with dried grapes and boil the mixture in order to make a tea for oral use.
48	Fagonia cretica L.	Zygophyllaceae	Spelaghzai	Herb	Whole plant	Wild	Cooling agent, scabies treatment	Grind the whole plant in water and filter it to remove the solid contents and then take 1 glass of it orally.
49	Fagonia indica Burm.f.	Zygophyllaceae	Spelaghzai	Herb	Whole plant	Wild	Purgative	Grind the whole plant and take 2–3 spoons orally for purgative purposes.
50	Ficus carica L.	Moraceae	Barrh	Tree	Leaves	Wild	Wound healing	Burn the leaves and the ash is sprayed on the wounds dermally.
51	Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.	Moraceae	Unknown	Tree	Leaves	Cultivated	Wound healing	Bark decoction is generally used for wound healing effect.
52	Ficus religiosa L.	Moraceae	Peppal	Tree	Bark, leaves	Cultivated	Stomach problems, wounds healing	Burn the bark and make powder from it. Take 5 grams of it orally with water for diarrhea; leaves are used for wound healing.
53	Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley	Papaveraceae	Pith-panra	Herb	Whole plant	Wild	Blood purifier, Febrifuge	Extract their juice and take orally for purification of blood. Its tea is used for fever.
54	Grewia asiatica L.	Malvaceae	Falsa	Tree	Fruits	Wild/cultivated	Diabetics, cooling agent	Simply eat their fruits to help diabetics. Also provide cooling sensation.
55	Justicia adhatoda L.	Acanthaceae	Unknown	Shrub	Leaves	Wild	Rheumatism, stomachache	Grind the leaves and mix it with honey. The paste is used dermally around the swelling.
56	Lactuca sativa L.	Asteraceae	Salad	Herb	Leaves	Cultivated	Blood purifier	Simply use as a salad for blood purification.
57	Lallemantia royleana Benth.	Lamiaceae	Balango	Herb	Seeds	Wild	Sexual purposes, carminative	Eat seeds up to 2–5 gram to increase sperm capability. Also used as carminative.
58	Lawsonia alba Lam.	Lythraceae	Mehndi ka poda	Tree	Flowers	Cultivated	Sexual purpose	Cooking of the flowers along with meat is useful in increasing sexual power.
59	Melia azedarach L.	Meliaceae	Bankara	Tree	Seeds	Wild/cultivated	Piles treatment	Eat seed’s internal portion of 2–3 seeds only, but do not exceed as they may be lethal.
60	Mentha piperita L.	Lamiaceae	Podina	Herb	Leaves	Cultivated	Carminative	Make tea from their leaves and use orally 4–5 times a day.
61	Mirabilis jalapa L.	Nyctaginaceae	Gul-e-abassi	Herb	Root, flowers	Wild	Piles treatment, blood purifier and sexual purpose	Their roots are cooked with meat to increase sperm production and blood purification. Powdered flowers are used orally for piles treatment.
62	Momordica charantia L.	Cucurbitaceae	Karela	Shrub	Leaves	Cultivated	Vegetable, diabetics and hepatitis	As a vegetable, it’s useful for diabetics and hepatitis.
63	Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. DC.	Sapotaceae	Gurgura	Tree	Fruits, leaves	Wild/ Cultivated	Purgative, Refrigerant	Make juice of their parts and use orally as a purgative and cooling agent.
64	Moringa oleifera Lam.	Moringaceae	Sohanjna	Tree	Root	Cultivated	Kidney-stone, vermicides	Cut their roots and boil in water. Add milk and drink for kidney stones and worms.
65	Morus alba L.	Moraceae	Shah –toot	Tree	Fruits	Cultivated	Heart, Liver tonic	Eat their fruits, which provide the energy to the heart and liver.
66	Morus nigra L.	Moraceae	Tooth-siah	Tree	Leaves, root	Wild/ Cultivated	Analgesic	Boil their leaves and roots in order to make tea for oral use.
67	Musa acuminata Colla.	Musaceae	Kela	Tree	Fruit	Cultivated	Menstruation, antidiabetic	Juice of the fruit is mixed in yogurt for oral uptake during menstruation. In antidiabetic case, roast and powder the flower for oral use.
68	Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff.) Aitch.	Arecaceae	Mazara	Shrub	Leaves	Wild	Carminative, veterinary	Mostly their leaves are used to boil. The juice is then used orally.
69	Nerium oleander L.	Apocynaceae	Kanir	Shrub	Roots	Cultivated	Sexual purpose, strengthen the penis	Cut the root into small pieces and then boil along with milk and pour into the thin cloth and extract like butter for oral use in adequate amounts for sexual purposes.
70	Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.	Oleaceae	Haar singhar	Shrub	Flowers	Wild/cultivated	Cough, antipyretic	Take 6 fresh leaves and grind in water with half a gram of ginger and take orally.
71	Ocimum basilicum L.	Lamiaceae	Takhm-rehan	Herb	Seeds	Wild	Blood purifier	Place the seeds in water to soften and enlarge, then take orally.
72	Olea ferruginea (Sol.) Steud.	Oleaceae	Zaiton	Shrub	Whole plant	Wild	Toothache, antidiabetic	Make powder of it and then take 1 teaspoon for 45 days orally on an empty stomach, which is helpful in uncontrolled diabetics.
73	Opuntia triacantha (Willd.) Sweet	Cactaceae	Zaqqoom	Herb	Leaves	Wild	Dermatitis	Extract their mucilaginous material, which is found in between leaves. Add cooking oil, make a paste and use dermally.
74	Oxalis corniculata L.	Oxilidaceae	Tarookay	Herb	Leaves, root	Wild	Stomach, wound healing and Anthelmintic	Extract juice from fresh leaves and use orally against stomach troubles. Leaves are used as vegetables. Crushed leaves are dermally used on wounds. Decoction of root is anthelmintic.
75	Papaver somniferum L.	Papaveraceae	Opium	Shrub	Fruit, leaves	Wild/ Cultivated	Analgesic, narcotics	Boil the water and add the extract of opium to it and take 1–2 spoons orally of this syrup.
76	Peganum harmala L.	Zygophyllaceae	Spelaanee	Herb	Seeds	Wild	Psycho-spiritual purposes	Put it on burning coal in order to produce smoke, which is used locally to repel evils.
77	Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke	Poaceae	Bajra	Herb	Grain	Cultivated	Carminative	Tie the grains in the piece of cloth, heat it and place in the abdominal region to combat pain.
78	Periploca aphylla Decne.	Asclepiadaceae	Baradda	Shrub	Shoots	Wild	Tumors, swellings	Generally their milky juice is extracted and then used dermally for tumors.
79	Phoenix dactylifera L.	Arecaceae	Khajjor	Tree	Fruits, seeds	Wild/ Cultivated	Stomach, liver tonic and carminative	Ripened fruit is useful for liver and stomach. Seeds are crushed to make a powder, which is used orally as a carminative.
80	Plantago major L.	Plantaginaceae	Barthang	Herb	Leaves	Wild	Dental pain	Boil leaves in water and make tea. Cool and wash the mouth.
81	Portulaca oleracea L.	Portulacaceae	Kulfa-ssag	Herb	Leaves	Cultivated	Antidiabetic	Cook like a vegetable. Do not heat it too much. The color must remain light green.
82	Psidium guajava L.	Myrtaceae	Amrood	Tree	Fruit	Cultivated	Purgative	Whole fruit is eaten simply as a purgative.
83	Punica granatum L.	Lythraceae	Anar	Tree	Fruit	Cultivated	Febrifuge, vermicide	Grind the fruit and orally take 1 spoon 2–3 times a day to kill intestinal germs. For fever, make pomegranate juice, add a little opium, then add sugar for and take orally.
84	Raphanus sativus L.	Brassicaceae	Mooly	Herb	Whole plant	Cultivated	Stomach problems, break the kidney stone and hepatitis	Eating simply is helpful in digestion and for the treatment of kidney stones. Boil their leaves in water and add sugar for oral uptake to treat hepatitis.
85	Rhazya stricta Decne.	Apocyanaceae	Ghandaryee	Shrub	Root	Wild	Analgesic	Boil roots in water for 10 minutes and cool. Wash teeth with this for pain relief.
86	Ricinus communis L.	Euphorbiaceae	Arand	Shrub	Fruits, leaves	Wild	Analgesic	Heat the leaves and fruits for the release of oil, which is spread on the desired place.
87	Saccharum officinarum L.	Poaceae	Gana	Shrub	Fruit	Cultivated	Strengthen the teeth’s, blood purifier and expectorant	Remove the upper portion and then cut down into small pieces and chew, which strengthens the teeth and cures others diseases.
88	Salvadora persica L.	Salvadoraceae	Miswak Tree	Shrub	Bark	Wild/ Cultivated	Blood purifier	Bark is commonly used as a purifying agent.
89	Salvia aegyptiaca L.	Lamiaceae	Balango	Herb	Small grains	Wild	Sexual purpose, male fertility	Eat directly. Small grains increase sperm count and thicken the sexual fluid. Also used for the treatment of infertile parents.
90	Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.	Asteraceae	Ont katara	Herb	Whole plant	Wild	Liver disease, carminative	Cut the roots, add vinegar and make tea, which is used orally for liver disease and for carminative purposes. Cut the roots and add vinegar in order to make pickle.
91	Sisymbrium irio L.	Brassicaceae	Kharkasai	Herb	Seeds	Wild	Febrifuge, expectorant	Seeds are used as an expectorant and used externally as a stimulating poultice. Seeds also used orally to reduce fever.
92	Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.	Brassicaceae	Khob-kalah	Herb	Whole plant	Wild	Febrifuge, expectorant	Dry the plant into powder form, which is used orally for typhoid fever.
93	Solanum nigrum L.	Solanaceae	Makko	Shrub	Leaves, Root	Wild	Cancer treatment, sedative	Grind the leaves and add maize flour in equal quantity and mix both for oral treatment in the case of cancer treatment. Boil roots in water for making tea and use as a sedative.
94	Solanum pseudocapsicum L.	Solanaceae	Kuty lala	Herb	Leaves	Wild	Arthritis	Grind leaves and make a paste. Put on joints for the treatment of arthritis.
95	Solanum surattense Burm. f.	Solanaceae	Maraghareye	Herb	Fruits	Wild	Foot cracks	Cut fruits into two pieces, and massage on the foot cracks.
96	Spinacia oleracea L.	Amaranthaceae	Palak	Shrub	Leaves	Cultivated	Cooling agent	Boil 5–8 leaves in water and take orally for calming the stomach.
97	Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.Karst.	Tamaricaceae	Ghazz	Tree	Leaves	Wild	Smallpox, flatulence	Simply burn the leaves and take their decoction for the treatment of smallpox.
98	Thuja occidentalis L.	Cupressaceae	Sarwa	Tree	Leaves	Cultivated	Dental pain	Boil the leaves in the water and wash mouth for the relief of dental pain.
99	Thymus vulgaris L.	Lamiaceae	Zanglee podina	Shrub	Leaves	Wild	Flatulence	Grind the dried leaves and take 1 spoon orally with curd for calming and flatulence.
100	Eclipta prostrata L.	Asteraceae	Bhangaara	Herb	Leaves	Wild	Blood purifier	Eat 6–7 leaves orally for blood purification.
101	Typha angustifolia L.	Typhaceae	Dheela	Herb	Leaves	Wild/cultivated	Tonic	Dry the leaves and ground into flour or eaten as a cooked vegetable for tonic purposes.
102	Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash	Poaceae	Khaas/cus cus grass	Herb	Root	Wild	Analgesic	Grind the root in water and massage the paste dermally on the head for pain relief.
103	Vitis vinifera L.	Vitaceae	Angoor	Shrub	Fruits	Cultivated	Carminative	Eat the fruit for carminative purpose.
104	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal	Solanaceae	Shahpiangay	Shrub	Fruits, seeds	Wild	Carminative	Put 2–3 seeds or fruits into the water and then eat as a carminative.
105	Ziziphus jujuba Mill.	Rhamnaceae	Jangly-bera	Tree	Fruits	Wild	Intestinal, blood purifier	Eat the fruit, which is helpful in the treatment of diarrhea as well as for blood purification.
106	Ziziphus mauritiana var. abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Fiori	Rhamnaceae	Onaab	Tree	Fruits	Wild/cultivated	Blood purifier, smallpox and expectorant	Tea is made from the fruits, which is used individually or in combination with other drugs for curing various diseases.
107	Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn.	Rhamnaceae	Bair	Tree	Fruit, Root	Wild/cultivated	Blood purifier, stomach disorder and carminative	Roast the fruit and eat for the treatment of stomach problems. Take 5 grams of root and 7 pieces of black pepper, grind and take orally thrice a day for diarrhea and abdominal pain.