Table 3.
Fasting Conditions, Glucose Fluxes, and Adipose Inflammatory Profile in Non-Obese Subjects.
| Post-Placebo | Post-Pioglitazone | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | ||
| Subject Characteristics | |||
| Weight (kg) | 88.0 (77.5 – 94.0) | 88.0 (81.5 – 94.0) | 0.05 |
| Fasting Conditions | |||
| O/N glucose (mg/dl) | 147.5 (131 – 165) | 131.5 (118 – 146) | 0.99 |
| O/N IIR (units/hour) | 1.74 (1.26 – 2.66) | 1.44 (1.20 – 1.76) | 0.85 |
| Glucose Fluxes – Low Insulin Step | |||
| HGP (mg/kg/min) | 1.18 (0.56 – 1.59) | 0.79 (0.46 – 1.33) | 0.09 |
| Rd (mg/kg/min) | 3.82 (2.66 – 5.70) | 3.93 (3.06 – 4.64) | 0.61 |
| GIR (ml/min) | 2.02 (1.56 – 4.54) | 3.09 (2.12 – 3.56) | 0.40 |
| Glucose Fluxes – High Insulin Step | |||
| HGP (mg/kg/min) | 0.14 (-0.19 – 0.55) | 0.15 (0.09 – 0.33) | 0.99 |
| Rd (mg/kg/min) | 8.86 (5.37 – 10.46) | 9.11 (8.44 – 11.22) | 0.18 |
| GIR (ml/min) | 8.23 (7.80 – 9.08) | 8.36 (8.21 – 9.73) | 0.13 |
| Clamp Conditions – Low Insulin Step | |||
| Free fatty acids | 80 (49 – 125) | 55 (19 – 96) | 0.40 |
| Glycerol | 24 (21 – 72) | 18 (17 – 66) | 0.02* |
| Insulin | 81.23 (50.13 – 107.24) | 44.33 (38.03 – 84.41) | 0.03* |
| C-peptide | 0.18 (0.11 – 0.20) | 0.16 (0.11 – 0.17) | 0.61 |
| Clamp Conditions – High Insulin Step | |||
| Free fatty acids | 26 (24 – 43) | 28.5 (16.5 – 40.5) | 0.74 |
| Glycerol | 31 (17 – 59) | 21 (12 – 51) | 0.09 |
| Insulin | 405.63 (327 – 460.18) | 350.25 (326.47 – 440.06) | 0.60 |
| C-peptide | 0.09 (0.06 – 0.14) | 0.08 (0.06 – 0.12) | 0.80 |
| Macrophage chemoattractant factors† | |||
| MCP-1 | 5.39E-2 (2.90E-2 – 1.08E-1) | 4.20E-2 (1.88E-2 – 1.02E-1) | 0.07 |
| CCR2# | 3.62E-3 (2.29E-3 – 3.66E-3) | 2.06E-3 (9.33E-4 – 3.06E-3) | 0.27 |
| CD44 | 1.24E-1 (7.31E-2 – 1.40E-1) | 3.74E-2 (2.19E-2 – 5.33E-2) | 0.14 |
| Adipose macrophage content† | |||
| CSF-1R | 3.30E-2 (1.64E-2 – 5.70E-2) | 1.39E-2 (8.42E-3 – 2.75E-2) | 0.07 |
| CD14 | 8.26E-2 (5.91E-2 – 2.20E-1) | 6.33E-2 (4.66E-2 – 1.33E-1) | 0.07 |
| CD68 | 5.07E-1 (2.28E-1 – 1.12E0) | 2.42E-1 (1.81E-1 – 5.95E-1) | 0.07 |
| Inflammatory markers and macrophage activation† | |||
| IL-6 | 3.77E-3 (5.37E-4 – 2.87E-2) | 1.68E-3 (3.89E-4 – 2.95E-2) | 0.59 |
| IL-1b | 1.84E-2 (1.32E-2 – 8.51E-2) | 1.69E-2 (4.85E-3 – 2.02E-2) | 0.11 |
| TNF-α | 1.75E-2 (6.89E-3 – 6.43E-2) | 4.95E-3 (2.12E-3 – 1.66E-2) | 0.03* |
| PAI-1 | 9.92E-3 (5.91E-3 – 3.01E-2 | 4.68E-3 (4.22E-3 – 3.12E-2) | 0.07 |
| Arginase-1#° | 2.38E-4 (2.61E-5 – 3.01E-3) | 764E-4 (5.69E-5 – 4.53E-3) | 0.11 |
| IL-10#° | 2.70E-3 (5.05E-5 – 4.31E-3) | 4.89E-3 (1.35E-4 – 5.04E-3) | 0.11 |
| iNOS | 9.30E-4 (4.63E-4 – 1.26E-3) | 3.64E-4 (9.10E-6 – 7.35E-4) | 0.11 |
| Dendritic cell and neutrophil content† | |||
| MPO-3 | 2.34E-2 (2.14E-2 – 3.37E-2) | 8.19E-3 (5.79E-3 – 1.40E-2) | 0.07 |
| DC-SIGN | 4.43E-3 (1.68E-3 – 7.13E-3) | 1.95E-3 (9.22E-4 – 4.13E-3) | 0.07 |
| DEC-205 | 2.85E-3 (4.59E-4 – 6.57E-3) | 1.50E-3 (3.63E-4 – 5.03E-3) | 0.07 |
| Adipose tissue characteristics† | |||
| Adiponectin | 4.62E-1 (9.57E-2 – 1.10E0) | 1.87E0 (9.71E-1 – 2.46E0) | 0.07 |
| PGC-1α | 1.67E-3 (8.78E-4 – 1.27E-1) | 2.00E-2 (5.14E-4 – 4.06E-2) | 0.47 |
| UCP-1 | 8.52E-4 (3.04E-4 – 3.81E-3) | 7.05E-2 (6.03E-4 – 3.97E-1) | 0.07 |
*
p<0.05
†
All genes are expressed as relative copy number
#
Expression by macrophages rather than whole fat
°
Arginase-1 and IL-10 are said to be protective cytokines
O/N=overnight, IIR=insulin infusion rate, HGP=hepatic glucose production, Rd=rate of glucose disappearance, GIR=glucose infusion rate.