Table 2.
Summary of pooled effects at post-treatment
| Outcome | Trials | Participants | Effect size (95% CI) | Heterogeneity: I 2 ; Chi 2 (p value) | Follow-up (months) | GRADE confidence rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mutual Support |
4 |
2369 |
|
|
|
|
| Hospitalisation [51] |
1 |
80 |
RR = 0.50 (0.23, 1.11) |
N/A |
10 |
Very low1,4,5 |
| Symptoms of psychosis |
0 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| Employment |
0 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| Quality of life [47] |
1 |
300 |
SMD = -1.42 (-1.69, – 1.16) |
N/A |
12 |
Very low1,4,5 |
| Overall psychiatric symptoms [49] |
1 |
162 |
N/A “no difference in change” |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| Depression and anxiety [47] |
1 |
300 |
SMD = -0.42 (-0.66, – 0.18) |
N/A |
12 |
Very low1,4,5 |
| Recovery [47] |
1 |
300 |
SMD = -0.11 (-0.35, 0.13) |
N/A |
12 |
Very low1,4,5 |
| Hope [49] |
1 |
162 |
N/A “no difference in change” |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| Empowerment [42,47,49] |
3 |
2266 |
SMD = -1.44 (-2.79, – 0.09) |
99%; 186.26 (p < 0.001) |
8-12 |
Very low1,2,4,5 |
| Satisfaction |
0 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Peer-support |
11 |
2805 |
|
|
|
|
| Hospitalisation [38] |
1 |
45 |
RR = 1.07 (0.55, 2.07) |
N/A |
9-12 |
Very low1,4,5 |
| Duration of admission [38,44,48] |
3 |
255 |
SMD = -0.22 (-0.72, 0.28) |
72%; 7.16 (p = 0.03) |
|
Very low1,2,4,5 |
| Symptoms of psychosis [36,45] |
2 |
696 |
SMD = -0.08 (-0.27, 0.03) |
N/A |
2-12 |
Low4,5 |
| Employment |
0 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| Quality of life [36,39,45,48,50] |
5 |
1039 |
SMD = 0.04 (-0.16, 0.24) |
52%; 8.38 (p = 0.08) |
3-12 |
Very low1,4,5 |
| Depression and anxiety [36,41,45] |
3 |
861 |
SMD = -0.10 (-0.24, 0.03) |
0%; 1.97 (p = 0.37) |
2-12 |
Low4,5 |
| Overall psychiatric symptoms [41,45,48] |
3 |
753 |
SMD = -0.07 (-0.39, 0.24) |
74%; 7.83 (p = 0.02) |
3-9 |
Very low 1,2,4,5 |
| Recovery [36,39,45,46] |
4 |
1066 |
SMD = -0.24 (-0.39, – 0.09) |
27%; 4.09 (p = 0.25) |
2-12 |
Low4,5 |
| Hope (SMD) [39,45,46,50] |
4 |
1072 |
SMD = -0.14 (-0.27, -0.02) |
7%; 3.21 (p = 0.36) |
2-3 |
Very low 1,4,5 |
| Empowerment [39,50] |
2 |
286 |
SMD = -2.67 (-7.35, 2.02) |
97%; 38.87 (p < 0.001) |
3 |
Very low1,2*,4,5 |
| Satisfaction [38,41,48] |
3 |
332 |
SMD = 0.02 (-0.20, 0.23) |
0%; 0.95 (p = 0.62) |
9-12 |
Very low1,4,5 |
|
Peer delivered services |
3 |
411 |
|
|
|
|
| Hospitalisation [40] |
1Ψ |
114 |
RR = 0.68 [0.45, 1.03] |
N/A |
24 |
Very Low1,4,5 |
| Symptoms of psychosis |
0 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| Employment [28] |
1 |
96 |
N/A “no differences” |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| Quality of life (SMD) [28] |
1 |
96 |
N/A “no differences” |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| Depression and anxiety |
0 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| Overall psychiatric symptoms |
0 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| Recovery |
0 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| Hope |
0 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| Empowerment |
0 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| Satisfaction [28] | 1 | 87 | SMD = 0.48 (0.05, 0.91) | N/A | 12 | Very low1,4,5 |
This table shows the number of trials and participants assigned for each comparison. For each outcome, it lists the number of trials and participants included in the analysis.
Reasons for downgrade: 1Risk of bias, 2Inconsistency, 3Indirectness, 4Imprecision, 5Publication/Reporting Bias.
RR Relative Risk, SMD Standardised Mean Difference.
Ψ Solomon [28] measured the outcome and reported no difference.