Table I.
Flavonoids | Mean of selective inhibition of tolbutamide metabolism (%, n = 3) | Natural source | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 μM | 10 μM | 100 μM | ||
Ketoconazole (positive control) | 45.9* | 80.9** | 100.0** | – |
Flavones | ||||
Wogonin | 28.9* | 51.4** | 84.2** | Herba Scutellaria baicalensis |
Apigenin | 7.4 | 21.7* | 76.9** | Parsley and celery |
Chrysin | 6.9 | 60.8* | 75.3* | Passion flower |
Luteolin | 13.5 | 38.0* | 93.5** | Parsley and broccoli |
Capillarisin | 19.4 | 34.9* | 79.6** | Herba Artemisiae scopariae |
Isovitexin | 35.6* | 37.5** | 45.5** | Barley grass juice, rice hull |
Cynaroside | 9.4 | −0.3 | 25.1* | Parsley and celery |
Homoorientin | 3.4 | 2.5 | 20.2 | Herba Swertia japonica |
Baicalin | −2.0 | −5.4 | 7.8 | Herba Scutellaria baicalensis |
Baicalein | 6.5 | 1.8 | 5.1 | Herba Scutellaria baicalensis |
Diosmin | −7.1 | 4.7 | 2.5 | Citrus |
Genkwanin | 30.9* | 37.4* | 48.1** | Aquilaria sinensis |
Flavonols | ||||
Tamarixetin | 42.0* | 88.3** | 90.4** | Herba Tamarix chinensis |
Isorhamnetin | 18.7* | 61.2** | 87.7** | Sea buckthorn |
Quercetin | 15.1* | 44.9** | 92.1** | Onion, cranberry |
Kaempferol | 5.7 | 52.5* | 73.1** | Onion and Gingko biloba |
Fisetin | 5.5 | 26.6 | 73.0* | Strawberries and onion |
Myricetin | −3.2 | 10.6 | 89.0** | Onion and berries |
Isoquercitrin | 21.0 | 27.1 | 62.0** | Onion and berries |
Morin | 14.3 | 11.5 | 51.1* | Guava |
Quercitrin | 24.2 | 21.1 | 13.5 | Onion and berries |
Rutin | −2.6 | −4.0 | −6.5 | Buckwheat and berries |
Flavanones | ||||
Naringenin | 4.4 | 51.3* | 81.6** | Grapefruit juice |
Eriodictyol | 32.8 | 28.7* | 69.8** | Yerba santa |
Taxifolin | −1.3 | 31.2* | 50.6** | Milk thistle |
Liquiritin | 18.1 | 18.4 | 24.8 | Licorice |
Poncirin | −5.9 | 16.4 | 18.8 | Citrus |
Naringin | −11.5 | −13.3 | −24.3 | Grapefruit juice |
Hesperetin | −3.6 | 29.1 | 56.1* | Citrus |
Hesperidin | 11.9 | 2.6 | 6.7 | Citrus |
Isoflavones | ||||
Genistein | 49.7* | 67.8** | 82.8** | Soya beans |
Formononetin | 23.4 | 30.6* | 62.0* | Herba Radix astragali |
Puerarin | 38.2 | 39.1* | 33.4 | Herba Radix puerariae |
Daidzein | 1.4 | 13.5 | 24.6* | Soya beans |
Daidzin | 1.0 | −2.5 | −1.2 | Soya beans |
Chalcones | ||||
Phloretin | 23.8 | 34.5 | 95.4** | Apple |
Isoliquiritigenin | 0.9 | 29.7 | 95.7** | Licorice |
Catechins | ||||
(−)-Epicatechin | 1.1 | −8.6 | 5.5 | Green tea and wine |
(+)-Catechin | −3.1 | −8.5 | −0.2 | Green tea and wine |
(+)-Epicatechin | 17.0 | 6.3 | −12.0 | Green tea and wine |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 vs. control