Table 1.
Participant demographic data in PBD (n=18) versus typically HC (n=18) subjects
| Characteristics | PBD | HC | t/χ2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 15.1±1.81 | 14.13±1.61 | 1.75 | 0.09 |
| Full-Scale IQ | 98.5±13.51 | 105.00±7.72 | −1.87 | 0.07 |
| Education (years) | 8.17±1.69 | 7.44±2.28 | 1.08 | 0.29 |
| Sex (male/female), n | 6/12 | 6/12 | 0 | 1 |
| YMRS scores | 33.40±6.09 | 3.67±2.11 | 19.56 | 0.00 |
| MFQ scores | 6.89±2.59 | 6.39±3.36 | 0.50 | 0.62 |
| K-SADS-PL current comorbidity diagnoses, n (%) | ||||
| ADHD | 1 (5.56) | |||
| OCD | 2 (11.12) | |||
| Anxiety | 1 (5.56) | |||
| Medications, n (%) | ||||
| Lithium | 7 (38.9) | |||
| Valproate | 8 (44.4) | |||
| Atypical antipsychotics | 13 (72.2) | |||
| Antidepressants | 3 (16.7) | |||
| None | 2 (11.1) | |||
| Onset age, years | 13.6±1.7 | |||
| Illness duration, months | 15.6±13.0 | |||
| Family BD history (yes/no), n | 5/13 | |||
| Psychotic symptoms (yes/no), n | 9/9 | |||
| BP-I/BP-II, n | 14/4 | |||
Notes: All patients were of Han Chinese ethnicity/race. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, except where indicated otherwise.
Abbreviations: PBD, pediatric bipolar disorder; HC, healthy control; IQ, intelligence quotient; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; MFQ, Mood and Feelings Questionnaire; K-SADS-PL, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; OCD, obsessive–compulsive disorder; BD, bipolar disorder; BP-I, bipolar disorder type I; BP-II, bipolar disorder type II.