Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Measure | Younger adults | Older adults |
|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | |
| Years of education** | 13.00 (1.74) | 17.53 (4.11) |
| Age learned english* | 1.13 (1.92) | 0.14 (0.83) |
| Digit-Symbol Substitution Taska** | 82.86 (15.37) | 68.78 (14.97) |
| PANAS-positive affectb** | 27.22 (7.91) | 33.83 (6.40) |
| PANAS-negative affectb | 15.19 (5.48) | 13.61 (4.14) |
| Shipley vocabulary ** | 27.50 (3.00) | 37.36 (1.93) |
| Beck Anxiety Inventory** | 12.67 (7.61) | 6.19 (5.67) |
| Beck Depression Inventory** | 10.83 (6.67) | 5.06 (4.65) |
| Health ratingc | 7.79 (1.13) | 8.25 (1.27) |
a
Digit-Symbol scores were based on the number of correct solutions within a 2-min time limit;
b
PANAS, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule;
c
Health ratings were self-reported based on a 1 (“poor”) to 10 (“excellent”) Likert-type scale;
*
p < 0.01,
**
p < 0.001.