Table 2.

Found in Translation—Stroke Models Predict or Parallel Clinical Phenotypes

Pathophysiological concepts	The penumbra concept was developed and refined in animal models of cerebral ischemia, and has proven clinical usefulness	Astrup et al^²³
	Thrombolysis is the only pharmacological treatment of acute ischemic stroke of proven efficacy, is equally efficacious in embolic models of stroke	Zivin et al,^²⁴ The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rtPA Stroke Study Group^²⁵
	Spreading depolarizations and spreading ischemia, first described in animal models, occur in humans and correlate with spread of lesion	Dreier^²⁶
Treatments	Identical time window for rtPA thromobolysis in rodents and humans	Quartermain et al,^²⁷ Zhu et al,^²⁸ Lees et al^²⁹
	Hypothermia, a concept originating from and refined in animal models of cerebral ischemia, has entered clinical guidelines to protect the brain after cardiac arrest	Rosomoff,^³⁰ hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group,^³¹ Bernard et al^³²
	In mouse and man: increased risk of hemorrhage and BBB disruption in erythropoietin/tPA treatment	Ehrenreich et al,^³³ Zechariah et al^³⁴
	Mouse studies predict outcome of human GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist trial	Kleinschnitz et al,^³⁵ Adams et al^³⁶
	In mouse and man: statin use during stroke is protective, withdrawal is potentially harmful	Gertz et al,^³⁷ Flint et al^³⁸
	In mouse and man: clinical deterioration after treatment with xenogenic intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antibody (Enlimomab)	Furuya et al^³⁹; Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial Investigators^⁴⁰
Complications	Weight loss and sarkopenia after stroke: body weight changes after experimental stroke parallel those in humans	Jönsson et al,^⁴¹ Scherbakov et al^⁴²
	Super systemic effects of stroke in animal models are predictive for those effects in humans (eg, immune system and infection)	Prass et al,^⁴³ Urra et al,^⁴⁴ Vogelgesang et al^⁴⁵

BBB indicates blood brain barrier; rtPa, recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator; and tPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator.