Figure 2. Inhibition of tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis and vessel remodeling.

VEGFC/D is commonly produced by tumor cells and by inflammatory cells in tumors, and the resulting growth factor gradient induces the sprouting and growth of lymphatic vessels toward the tumor. Tumor-derived VEGFC/D also induces dilation, SMC remodeling, and increased pulsation of the collecting vessels. These tumor-induced processes can be attenuated by antibodies targeting the VEGFC/VEGFD/VEGFR3 signaling pathway. TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor.