Table 1.

Selected small molecule inhibitors and activators of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Small molecule	Molecular target	Wnt/β-catenin signaling	Effect	Reference
BIO*	GSK-3 inhibition	Activation	Proliferation	(Meijer et al, 2003)
CHIR99021	GSK-3 inhibition	Activation	Proliferation	(Ying et al, 2008)
1-Azakenpaullone	GSK-3 inhibition	Activation	Proliferation	(Kunick et al, 2004)
IWR-1*	Axin stabilization	Inhibition	Differentiation	(Lu et al, 2009)
IWP-3	Porcupine inhibition	Inhibition	Differentiation	(Chen et al, 2009)
PNU7747	Nuclear β-catenin binding	Inhibition	Differentiation	(Trosset et al, 2006)

GSK-3, glycogen synthase kinase 3.

^*Small-molecules used in this protocol.