Table 1.

Characteristics and overview of studies.

First author, Year	Country	Recruitment setting	Study design	N (% females)	Socio-demographics	Clinicalpopulation	Age range(years)	Study quality (AAN class)
Greenley, 2007	USA	Pediatric hospital	Before and after (repeated measures)	10 (70)	70% Caucasian	Spina bifida	8–16	III
Lavigne, 1992	USA	Pediatric rheumatology clinic	Multiple baseline single-subject design	8 (87.5)	75% Caucasian	JRA	9–17	III
McDonagh, 2007	UK	Pediatric rheumatology centers	Before, after and follow-up (repeated measures)	308 (60)a	91% white/European	JIA	11–17	III
O'Mahar, 2009	USA	Summer camp	Before, after and follow-up (repeated measures)	49	n/a	Spina bifida	7–17	III
Rapoff, 2002	USA	Medical center	RCT	34 (68)	94% Caucasian	JRA	2–16	I
Stinson, 2010	Canada	Pediatric tertiary centers	RCT (non-blind)	46 (67.4)	n/a	JIA	12–18	I

RCT = randomized controlled trial.

AAN [64] class I = rigorous RCT; class II = matched prospective cohort studies or RCTs in a representative population lacking one of the criteria in class I; class III = all other controlled trials.

^aSample size reflects enrolment; at 12 months, sample size reduced to 121 participants due to attrition.