Table 4.

Covariates associated with an increase in the socioeconomic burden of asthma (Poisson regression analysis).

	Mean severe attacks in a lifetime		Hospitalisations in the previous 12 months		Number of days of work or study missed in the previous 12 months
Variable	Estimate (confidence interval)	p Value	Estimate (confidence interval)	p Value	Estimate (confidence interval)	p Value
Trigger burden (vs very low)
Low	1.38 (1.14–1.6)	<0.01	1.13 (0.85–1.51)	0.40	2.15 (1.94–2.39)	<0.01
Medium	1.20 (1.05–1.37)	0.01	1.90 (1.47–2.49)	<0.01	1.93 (1.74–2.14)	<0.01
High	2.07 (1.83–2.34)	<0.01	1.95 (1.51–2.55)	<0.01	3.45 (3.13–3.81)	<0.01
Age (vs <30 years)
31–44 years	0.92 (0.86–1.00)	0.04	0.63 (0.54–0.73)	<0.01	0.99 (0.94–1.04)	0.73
>45 years	1.06 (0.98–115)	0.17	0.47 (0.39–0.57)	<0.01	1.48 (1.40–1.56)	<0.01
Dwelling (vs rural)
Urban	1.03 (0.97–1.1)	0.36	0.74 (0.64–0.86)	<0.01	0.56 (0.53–0.58)	<0.01
Country (vs Germany)
UK	1.24 (1.12–1.37)	<0.01	0.87 (0.69–1.09)	0.22	1.05 (1.00–1.11)	0.07
Spain	1.21 (1.09–1.34)	<0.01	1.02 (0.83–1.25)	0.87	0.59 (0.55–0.63)	<0.01
France	1.22 (1.10–1.35)	<0.01	0.75 (0.60–0.94)	0.01	0.44 (0.41–0.47)	<0.01
Italy	0.87 (0.78–0.98)	0.02	0.81 (0.64–1.01)	0.06	0.62 (0.59–0.66)	<0.01
Gender (vs male)
Female	0.83 (0.78–0.89)	<0.01	0.60 (0.51–0.69)	<0.01	1.05 (1.01–1.09)	0.02
Asthma severity (vs mild)
Moderate	1.43 (1.27–1.62)	<0.01	2.04 (1.52–2.80)	<0.01	2.00 (1.83–2.19)	<0.01
Severe	2.44 (2.13–2.80)	<0.01	3.41 (2.47–4.79)	<0.01	4.09 (3.72–4.51)	<0.01
Not told	1.82 (1.55–2.15)	<0.01	0.87 (0.50–1.47)	0.61	0.75 (0.65–0.87)	<0.01