TABLE 1.

Quercetin normalizes concentrations of serum constituents in HFD-fed mice

	Diet
Parameter	HFD	HFD + 0.1% quercetin	LFD
Serum quercetin (μmol/l)	n.d.	9.19 ± 0.46	n.d.
Serum insulin (mIU/l)	6.07 ± 0.10	5.74 ± 0.08a	5.49 ± 0.13a
Serum leptin (pg/ml)	7,904 ± 391.92	4,463 ± 840.14b	1,760 ± 432.76c
Serum adiponectin (pg/ml)	1,897.41 ± 119.05	2,387.31 ± 146.10a	2,298.54 ± 129.71a
Serum TNF-α (pg/ml)	36.92 ± 4.42	20.66 ± 5.82a	19.86 ± 3.00a
Serum IL-6 (pg/ml)	2.75 ± 0.83	1.27 ± 0.21a	0.62 ± 0.10a
Serum MCP-1 (pg/ml)	58.60 ± 2.90	43.03 ± 3.12a	40.55 ± 2.66a

C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three dietary groups fed on LFD, HFD, or HFD supplemented with 0.1% quercetin for 12 weeks (n = 8 per group). Serum concentrations of quercetin, insulin, and cytokines were detected at the end of the 12-week dietary intervention period. n.d. represented not detectable. Statistical difference between groups was shown using a nonparametric Mann-Whitney test; n = 8 per group. All data in the table are mean ± SEM.

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.