Figure 2. Identification of circulating biomarkers associated with the risk of all-cause mortality in the Estonian Biobank cohort.

Candidate biomarkers were included in a stepwise manner into a multivariate Cox model for all-cause mortality adjusted for sex and using age as the time scale. Each biomarker is plotted against the negative log₁₀ of the corresponding p-value. Numbers indicate HR [95% confidence interval] per 1-SD difference. Colors indicate candidate biomarker classes as listed in Table S1. (A) p-Values obtained when including each biomarker in turn in the model adjusted for age and sex only. Albumin was the strongest independent predictor of all-cause mortality. (B) p-Values for each biomarker adjusted for age, sex, and albumin. (C) p-Values for each biomarker adjusted for age, sex, albumin, and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. (D) p-Values for each biomarker adjusted for age, sex, albumin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and VLDL particle size. LDL, low-density lipoprotein.