Table 1.
Characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors of the 4 groups at baseline and after one year intervention.
| Characteristics Baseline & after one year intervention | Linear Mixed Model: changes due to the 1-year interventions | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise training | No exercise training | Time*Training | Time*Medication | Time*Training Medication | |||
| Alagebrium | placebo | Alagebrium | placebo | p-value | p-value | p-value | |
| Male : Female (n) | 6:5 | 8:3 | 8:3 | 3:8 | |||
| Age (years) | 69±3 | 68±3 | 70±3 | 71±5 | |||
| VO2max (mlO2/min/kg) | <0.001 | 0.969 | 0.757 | ||||
| Baseline | 23.2±4.2 | 24.5±4.9 | 25.6±4.3 | 24.1±4.2 | |||
| 12 months | 26.7±4.0 | 27.7±5.2 | 25.0±4.7 | 23.9±3.6 | |||
| VO2max per lean body mass (mlO2/min/kg) | <0.001 | 0.740 | 0.864 | ||||
| Baseline | 36.4±6.7 | 35.5±5.7 | 36.0±5.1 | 35.5±5.9 | |||
| 12 months | 40.2±4.9 | 40.3±5.7 | 34.5±5.5 | 34.9±5.1 | |||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 0.812 | 0.209 | 0.706 | ||||
| Baseline | 26.9±3.5 | 27.0±2.6 | 26.6±3.0 | 24.3±3.3 | |||
| 12 months | 26.2±4.0 | 26.8±2.9 | 26.2±3.1 | 24.3±3.1 | |||
| Lean Body Mass (kg) | 0.225 | 0.610 | 0.777 | ||||
| Baseline | 53.8±13.3 | 57.1±9.6 | 55.2±8.5 | 46.6±8.7 | |||
| 12 months | 53.2±11.5 | 56.6±9.5 | 55.4±8.8 | 47.1±8.7 | |||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 0.790 | 0.366 | 0.763 | ||||
| Baseline | 97.7±11.5 | 96.4±7.5 | 93.3±9.6 | 88.2±11.0 | |||
| 12 months | 96.8±11.9 | 96.3±7.5 | 92.8±8.5 | 89.0±10.4 | |||
| Hip circumference (cm) | 0.491 | 0.735 | 0.772 | ||||
| Baseline | 103.4±5.9 | 103.2±5.8 | 101.9±6.0 | 99.6±7.1 | |||
| 12 months | 102.5±7.2 | 102.9±6.1 | 100.6±5.9 | 98.6±6.3 | |||
| Waist-to-Hip ratio | 0.228 | 0.597 | 0.869 | ||||
| Baseline | 0.94±0.06 | 0.94±0.04 | 0.92±0.08 | 0.88±0.07 | |||
| 12 months | 0.94±0.06 | 0.94±0.03 | 0.92±0.08 | 0.90±0.07 | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.230 | 0.275 | 0.189 | ||||
| Baseline | 128±10 | 131±9 | 137±15 | 134±15 | |||
| 12 months | 128±14 | 128±8 | 138±17 | 135±16 | |||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.869 | 0.376 | 0.703 | ||||
| Baseline | 80±9 | 76±6 | 79±8 | 79±12 | |||
| 12 months | 80±9 | 74±3 | 80±10 | 76±10 | |||
| Pulse Pressure (mmHg) | 0.155 | 0.629 | 0.150 | ||||
| Baseline | 47±7 | 56±8 | 58±14 | 56±9 | |||
| 12 months | 49±9 | 53±9 | 58±16 | 59±9 | |||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 0.467 | 0.162 | 0.422 | ||||
| Baseline | 5.3±1.0 | 5.7±0.9 | 5.5±0.6 | 5.2±0.9 | |||
| 12 months | 5.1±0.8 | 5.9±0.9 | 5.2±0.7 | 5.1±0.5 | |||
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 0.763 | 0.662 | 0.918 | ||||
| Baseline | 1.4±0.3 | 1.2±0.2 | 1.2±0.3 | 1.6±0.2* | |||
| 12 months | 1.4±0.4 | 1.3±0.3 | 1.2±0.3 | 1.6±0.3 | |||
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 0.789 | 0.204 | 0.437 | ||||
| Baseline | 3.4±1.0 | 4.1±0.7 | 3.7±0.5 | 3.2±0.7* | |||
| 12 months | 3.1±0.7 | 4.1±0.8 | 3.5±0.5 | 3.1±0.5 | |||
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 0.125 | 0.401 | 0.673 | ||||
| Baseline | 1.2±0.4 | 1.0±0.3 | 1.2±0.4 | 1.0±0.4 | |||
| 12 months | 1.3±0.5 | 1.2±0.3 | 1.2±0.4 | 1.0±0.3 | |||
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 0.831 | 0.390 | 0.502 | ||||
| Baseline | 5.2±0.6 | 4.9±0.5 | 5.1±0.4 | 4.9±0.3 | |||
| 12 months | 5.1±0.8 | 5.2±0.6 | 5.1±0.5 | 4.9±0.3 | |||
| HbA1c (%) | 0.358 | 0.244 | 0.728 | ||||
| Baseline | 5.6±0.4 | 5.8±0.3 | 5.7±0.4 | 5.6±0.2 | |||
| 12 months | 5.6±0.4 | 5.8±0.4 | 5.5±0.6 | 5.5±0.2 | |||
| Hs-CRP (mg/l) | 0.194 | 0.987 | 0.048 | ||||
| Baseline | 1.4±1.0 | 2.3±1.3 | 2.1±1.7 | 1.4±1.3 | |||
| 12 months | 1.9±1.4 | 1.4±1.0 | 2.0±1.3 | 1.2±0.9 | |||
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low density lipoprotein, HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin, hs-CRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein.
*
At baseline (one-way ANOVA) HDL cholesterol was higher in the no exercise training & placebo group compared with the exercise training & placebo group (p=0.011) and no exercise training & Alagebrium group (p=0.012). LDL cholesterol was lower in the no exercise training & placebo group compared with the exercise training & placebo group (p=0.049).