Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the participants
| Female | Male | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | All (N = 559) |
White (n = 152) |
Black (n = 122) |
White (n = 155) |
Black (n = 130) |
Gender P valueb |
Race P valueb |
| Age (yrs) | 16.2 ± 1.2 | 16.0 ± 1.1 | 16.3 ± 1.2 | 16.3 ± 1.2 | 16.0 ± 1.3 | 0.959 | 0.628 |
| Height (cm) | 168.6 ± 8.8 | 163.0 ± 5.8 | 162.2 ± 5.6 | 174.2 ± 7.1 | 174.4 ± 7.8 | < 0.01 | 0.571 |
| Weight (kg) | 65.6 ± 15.2 | 58.2 ± 10.9 | 65.0 ± 15.9 | 68.8 ± 14.6 | 70.9 ± 16.4 | <0.01 | 0.035 |
| BMI percentile | 61.6 ± 27.8 | 56.5 ± 26.0 | 68.6 ± 27.2 | 59.4 ± 28.9 | 63.7 ± 27.7 | 0.654 | 0.019 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 74.2 ± 10.3 | 69.2 ± 8.0 | 74.0 ± 11.8 | 77.1 ± 9.8 | 75.8 ± 10.0 | < 0.01 | 0.106 |
| FFST mass (kg) | 46.4 ± 9.9 | 38.0 ± 4.4 | 41.6 ± 6.0 | 51.7 ± 7.9 | 54.6 ± 9.4 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 15.9 ± 9.5 | 17.4 ± 7.5 | 20.2 ± 10.8 | 13.7 ± 8.9 | 12.7 ± 9.5 | < 0.01 | 0.241 |
| Percentage body fat (%) | 23.7 ± 9.9 | 29.3 ± 7.0 | 29.9 ± 8.3 | 19.1 ± 8.2 | 16.9 ± 8.7 | < 0.01 | 0.245 |
| VAT (cm3)a | 95.6 ± 61.3 | 97.4 ± 48.6 | 114.6 ± 69.7 | 103.1 ± 67.0 | 74.1 ± 54.0 | < 0.01 | 0.031 |
| SAAT (cm3)a | 870.5 ± 734.7 | 804.8 ± 484.4 | 1374.4 ± 943.4 | 723.8 ± 647.4 | 715.6 ± 687.7 | < 0.01 | 0.020 |
| Moderate PA (hrs/d)a | 38.6 ± 24.2 | 31.1 ± 17.8 | 31.0 ± 20.2 | 46.9 ± 23.8 | 48.1 ± 26.5 | < 0.01 | 0.584 |
| Vigorous PA (hrs/d)a | 4.6 ± 6.8 | 3.0 ± 4.6 | 1.8 ± 2.7 | 6.0 ± 6.4 | 7.7 ± 11.3 | < 0.01 | 0.856 |
| CV fitness (mL/kg−1/min−1) | 27.0 ± 7.4 | 24.3 ± 5.5 | 21.8 ± 4.9 | 31.9 ± 6.7 | 29.2 ± 7.6 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D (nmol/L)a, c | 73.3 ± 38.0 | 98.7 ± 40.9 | 40.5 ± 17.9 | 91.5 ± 27.7 | 52.8 ± 22.0 | 0.020 | < 0.01 |
All values are means ± SD. FFST, fat-free soft tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; SAAT, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue; PA, physical activity; 25(OH)D, plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, physical activity; CV, cardiovascular. To convert 25(OH)D levels to nanograms per milliliter, divide by 2.496.
a
Logarithmic transformation performed before analysis.
b
Tests of significance between groups were based on ANOVA.
c
Tests of significance between groups were based on ANCOVA, controlling for age and season.