Table 4. Odds Ratios (OR) for Prostate Cancer Associated with Digoxin Use in Patients with at least 3 PSA tests over the preceding 5-years.

Digoxin Use	Cases N (%)	Controls N (%)	Age-Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P-value	Multivariate * OR (95% CI)	P-value
Ever/Never Use
Never	536 (98.2)	363 (95.5)	1.00		1.00
Ever	10 (1.8)	17 (4.5)	0.43 (0.19 – 0.95)	0.04	0.44 (0.20 – 0.98)	0.04
Recency of Use^
Never	536 (98.2)	363 (95.8)	1.00		1.00
Past	2 (0.4)	3 (0.8)	0.49 (0.08 – 2.96)	0.44	0.51 (0.08 – 3.10)	0.46
Current	8 (1.5)	13 (3.4)	0.45 (0.18 – 1.09)	0.08	0.47 (0.19 – 1.14)	0.10
Duration of Use^
Never	536 (98.2)	363 (95.8)	1.00		1.00
< 4.5 years	4 (0.7)	6 (1.6)	0.49 (0.08 – 1.76)	0.44	0.53 (0.15 – 1.91)	0.33
≥ 4.5 years	4 (0.7)	7 (1.9)	0.41 (0.14 – 1.40)	0.28	0.41 (0.12 – 1.43)	0.16

^*Adjusted for age, race, family history of prostate cancer and PSA screening history

^{^}Excluded participants who did not answer questions on current use or duration of use