Table 1.

Childhood adversity in second-generation Irish children relative to the rest of the cohort; 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts

	1958 Birth cohort (N = 13 724)				x2, P-value		BCS70 (N = 14 854)				x2, P-value
	Country of birth of parent						Country of birth of parent
	England, Scotland, Wales		Northern Ireland, Ireland				England, Scotland, Wales		Northern Ireland, Ireland
	n	%	n	%			n	%	n	%
Age 7						Age 5
Access to household amenities						Access to household amenities
Sole use of alla	9535	82	502	75	23.42, <0.001	Sole use of alla	10 372	95	492	93	6.74, 0.009
None or shared usea	2047	18	168	25		None or shared usea	495	5	37	7
Missing	1351		121			Missing	3155	23	303	36
Overcrowding						Overcrowding
<1 person/room	6576	59	246	39	91.16, <0.001	<1 person/room	9245	84	384	72	50.34, <0.001
>1 person/room	4646	41	381	61		>1 person/room	1788	16	149	28
Missing	1711	13	164	21		Missing	2989	21	299	36
Family financial difficulties						Ownership of van or car
No	9628	92	491	83	65.74, <0.001	Yes	7978	71	322	59	38.45, <0.001
Yes	822	8	103	17		No	3189	29	223	41
Missing	2483	19	197	25		Missing	2855	20	287	34
Family housing difficulties						Social rating of neighbourhood
No	10 296	93	535	84	70.90 <0.001	Well-to-do/affluent	2585	18	71	9	179.85, <0.001
Yes	763	7	101	16		Rural or average	7588	54	370	44
Missing	1874	14	155	20		Poor	654	5	84	10
						Missing	3195	23	307	37
Age 11						Age 10
Access to household amenities						Ownership of van or car
Sole use of alla	10 265	88	594	85	4.17 0.041	Yes	8415	76	286	57	97.03, <0.001
None or shared usea	1391	12	101	15		No	2642	24	218	43
Missing	1277	10	96	12		Missing	2965	21	328	39
Overcrowding						Neighbourhood characteristics
<1 person/room	7256	62	318	46	70.50 <0.001	Village/rural	7134	65	216	43	100.42, <0.001
>1 person/room	4494	38	377	54		Council/Urban/Other	3925	35	291	57
Missing	1183	9	96	12		Missing	2963	21	325	39
Serious financial hardship in the last year						Damp in housing
No	10 196	89	553	84	20.57, <0.001	No	9179	82	402	78	6.85, 0.009
Yes	1231	11	109	16		Yes	1978	18	115	22
Missing	1506	12	129	16		Missing	2865	20	315	38
Free school meals						Free school meals
No	10 284	90	564	83	34.83 <0.001	No	9463	85	383	75	34.94, <0.001
Yes	1113	10	114	17		Yes	1678	15	126	25
Missing	1536	12	113	14		Missing	2881	21	323	39
Age 16						Age 16
Access to household amenities						Ownership of van or car
Sole use of alla	9179	94	527	94	0.00, 0.996	No	1171	16	61	24	11.83, 0.001
None or shared usea	609	6	35	6		Yes	6060	84	189	76
Missing	3145	24	229	29		Missing	6791	48	582	70
Overcrowding						Resident in council flat
<1 person/room	6813	70	294	52	77.12, <0.001	No	3675	84	120	77	5.48, 0.019
>1 person/room	2981	30	272	48		Yes	702	16	36	23
Missing	3139	24	225	28		Missing	9645	69	676	81
Serious financial hardship over the last year						Damp in house
No	8729	90	461	82	34.35, <0.001	No	6564	90	229	90	0.08, 0.777
Yes	949	10	98	18		Yes	702	10	26	10
Missing	3255	25	232	29		Missing	6756	48	577	69
Free school meals						Proportion of home family can afford to heat in winter
No	8869	91	469	83	40.13 <0.001	Proportion of house	5288	67	167	59	9.21, 0.002
Yes	911	9	99	17		Whole house	2556	33	117	41
Missing	3153	24	223	28		Missing	6178	44	548	66

^aHousehold amenities were: indoor bathroom, indoor toilet and hot water.