Table 4.
Psychological symptoms in second-generation Irish children relative to the rest of cohort; 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts
|
1958 Birth cohort |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
|||||||
| CRa | 95% CI | P-value | CRa | 95% CI | P-value | CRa | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Age 7 (1965); N = 9949 | |||||||||
| Migration history | |||||||||
| Non-Irish | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | |||||
| Second-generation Irish | 1.10 | 1.00 –1.21 | 0.04 | 1.05 | 0.96 –1.15 | 0.29 | |||
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | |||||
| Female | 0.72 | 0.69 –0.75 | <0.001 | 0.71 | 0.69 –0.74 | <0.001 | |||
| Mother's age | |||||||||
| Years | 0.99 | 0.99 –1.00 | <0.001 (trend) | 1.00 | 0.99 –1.00 | 0.01 (trend) | |||
| Mother's education | |||||||||
| Left school after 15 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | |||||
| Left school before 15 | 1.16 | 1.10 –1.22 | <0.001 | 1.12 | 1.06 –1.18 | <0.001 | |||
| Father's social class | |||||||||
| Non-manual | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | |||||
| Manual | 1.22 | 1.16 –1.28 | <0.001 | 0.86 | 0.82 –0.90 | <0.001 | |||
| Contemporaneous hardship | |||||||||
| Hardship, 7b | 1.13 | 1.10 –1.15 | <0.001 (trend) | ||||||
| Age 16 (1974); N = 7363 | |||||||||
| Migration history | |||||||||
| Non-Irish | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | |||
| Second-generation Irish | 1.22 | 1.06 –1.40 | 0.01 | 1.07 | 0.93 –1.22 | 0.36 | 1.19 | 1.03 –1.36 | 0.01 |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | |||
| Female | 0.80 | 0.75 –0.85 | <0.001 | 0.80 | 0.75 –0.85 | <0.001 | 0.80 | 0.76 –0.86 | <0.001 |
| Mother's age | |||||||||
| Years | 0.99 | 0.99 –1.00 | <0.001 (trend) | 0.99 | 0.99 –1.00 | 0.04 (trend) | 0.99 | 0.98 –0.99 | <0.001 (trend) |
| Mother's education | |||||||||
| Left school after 15 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | |||
| Left school before 15 | 1.44 | 1.33 –1.55 | <0.001 | 1.33 | 1.23 –1.44 | <0.001 | 1.42 | 1.31 –1.53 | <0.001 |
| Father's social class | |||||||||
| Non-manual | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | |||
| Manual | 1.46 | 1.35 –1.57 | <0.001 | 1.35 | 1.25 –1.45 | <0.001 | 1.44 | 1.34 –1.55 | <0.001 |
| Contemporaneous hardship | |||||||||
| Hardship, 16b | 1.27 | 1.23 –1.31 | <0.001 (trend) | ||||||
| Parental chronic illness | |||||||||
| None | 1.00 | Ref. | |||||||
| Illness | 1.33 | 1.24 –1.44 | <0.001 | ||||||
| BCS70 | |||||||||
| Age 16 (1986); N = 2464 | |||||||||
| Migration history | |||||||||
| Non-Irish | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | |||
| Second-generation Irish | 0.87 | 0.68 –1.10 | 0.24 | 0.85 | 0.67 –1.09 | 0.20 | 0.78 | 0.62 –1.00 | 0.05 |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | |||
| Female | 0.99 | 0.91 –1.06 | 0.73 | 0.99 | 0.91 –1.06 | 0.71 | 0.97 | 0.90 –1.05 | 0.47 |
| Mother's age | |||||||||
| Years | 0.99 | 0.99 –1.00 | 0.02 (trend) | 0.99 | 0.98 –1.00 | 0.02 (trend) | 0.99 | 0.98 –1.00 | <0.001 (trend) |
| Mother's education | |||||||||
| Left school after 15 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | |||
| Left school before 15 | 1.06 | 0.99–1.15 | 0.10 | 1.04 | 0.96–1.12 | 0.34 | 1.02 | 0.95–1.10 | 0.52 |
| Father' social class | |||||||||
| Non-manual | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | |||
| Manual | 1.22 | 1.13 –1.32 | <0.001 | 1.17 | 1.08 –1.26 | <0.001 | 1.20 | 1.11 –1.29 | <0.001 |
| Contemporaneous hardship | |||||||||
| Hardship, 7b | 1.10 | 1.06–1.14 | <0.001 (trend) | ||||||
| Maternal mental health | |||||||||
| Mother not distressed | 1.00 | Ref. | |||||||
| Psychologically distressed | 1.64 | 1.49–1.80 | <0.001 | ||||||
Model 1: adjusted for gender, covariates from birth (mother's age, education, father's social class); Model 2: adjusted for gender, covariates from birth (mother's age, education, father's social class) and contemporaneous material hardship; Model 3: adjusted for gender, covariates from birth (mother's age, education, father's social class) and parental chronic health or maternal mental health.
aCR of psychological symptoms.
bPer SD increase in composite hardship variable.