TABLE 4—
Multilevel Regression Model Results Showing Associations Between Individual- and Country-Level Characteristics and Odds of Underweight and Overweight Relative to Normal Weight Among Rural Men and Women: 40 Low- and Middle-Income Countries Included in the World Health Survey, 2002–2003
| Rural Men |
Rural Women |
|||
| Underweight vs Normal Weight, OR (95% CI) | Overweight vs Normal Weight, OR (95% CI) | Underweight vs Normal Weight, OR (95% CI) | Overweight vs Normal Weight, OR (95% CI) | |
| Individual-level characteristics | ||||
| Agea | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 1.16 (1.09, 1.25) | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) | 1.16 (1.09, 1.23) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Currently married (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Never married | 1.37 (1.18, 1.59) | 0.74 (0.61, 0.90) | 1.33 (1.17, 1.50) | 0.72 (0.59, 0.87) |
| Otherb | 1.00 (0.81, 1.25) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.27) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.05) |
| Educational attainment tertile | ||||
| Lowest (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Middle | 0.95 (0.81, 1.10) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.19) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.14) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.16) |
| Highest | 0.87 (0.75, 1.00) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) | 1.10 (0.94, 1.28) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) |
| Household permanent income quartile | ||||
| 1 (lowest; Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 0.95 (0.87, 1,02) | 1.14 (1.00, 1.29) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.01) | 1.12 (1.04, 1.21) |
| 3 | 0.84 (0.75, 0.95) | 1.16 (1.00, 1.35) | 0.84 (0.76, 0.93) | 1.22 (1.11, 1.33) |
| 4 (highest) | 0.76 (0.64, 0.90) | 1.46 (1.27, 1.69) | 0.69 (0.61, 0.80) | 1.30 (1.14, 1.50) |
| Self-rated health status | ||||
| Good or excellent (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 1.13 (1.00, 1.27) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.15) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.16) |
| Bad or very bad | 1.33 (1.05, 1.68) | 1.10 (0.86, 1.41) | 1.13 (0.93, 1.36) | 1.13 (0.92, 1.39) |
| Level of difficulty moving around in past 30 d | ||||
| No or mild difficulty (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate difficulty | 1.07 (0.92, 1.25) | 1.05 (0.88, 1.25) | 1.16 (0.99, 1.37) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.24) |
| Extreme or severe difficulty | 1.19 (0.96, 1.47) | 1.18 (0.94, 1.48) | 1.16 (0.94, 1.43) | 1.28 (1.07, 1.54) |
| Currently smokes any tobacco products | ||||
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.13 (0.98, 1.31) | 0.76 (0.67, 0.87) | 1.23 (1.06, 1.44) | 0.76 (0.66, 0.88) |
| Country-level characteristics | ||||
| GDP per capitac | 0.97 (0.88, 1.08) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.18) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | 1.12 (1.04, 1.19) |
| Population in urban areas, %d | 0.82 (0.74, 0.91) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.20) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.96) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.15) |
| Foreign direct investment, % of GDPe | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | 1.17 (1.02, 1.35) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) | 1.10 (0.95, 1.26) |
| Mean tarifff | 0.87 (0.76, 0.99) | 1.09 (0.87, 1.36) | 0.83 (0.71, 0.96) | 1.08 (0.87, 1.34) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; GDP = gross domestic product; OR = odds ratio. The sample size was n = 100 341.
Centered at 18 years of age and divided into 10-year groups.
Separated, divorced, widowed, or cohabiting.
Mean centered and divided by $1000.
Mean centered and divided by 10%.
Standardized as a z score, with higher values reflecting greater foreign direct investment.
Standardized as a z score and reverse coded, with higher values reflecting greater openness to trade.