TABLE 3—

Examples of Shared Barriers to Health Research Participation as Observed in the Studies Reviewed From a Search on PubMed and Web of Science From January 2000 to December 2011

		Racial/Ethnic Group Observed Examples
Barriers	Articles, No. (%)	African American	Asian American	Latino	Pacific Islander
Mistrust	34 (77.3)	Perceive research will benefit Whites or the research institution and not people of color76	Concerns related to signing the informed consent77	Believe medical experimentation occurs when accessing health care67	Negative feelings about the purpose and intent of research41
Competing demands	20 (45.4)	Inconvenience62; cost of participation34	Lack of time78 and financial resources79	Time conflicts and lack of childcare67
Unintended outcomes	14 (31.8)	Concerns about future long- and short-term side effects80	Uncertainty of risks, side effects, and effectiveness of clinical trials81	Fear of vaccine-induced HIV infection82
Lack of access to information	14 (31.8)	Misconceptions about research83	Limited knowledge about clinical trials84; lack of translated materials, including key words or terms; feeling intimidated by English78	Unavailable health information in Spanish and lack of access to Spanish-speaking staff67; low perceived risk of diseasea,85,86	Information about accessing research87; language barrier between hospital staff, researchers, and patients40
Stigma	12 (27.3)	Related to genetic or mental illness research88	Related to judgment from husband or family for participation in health study79	Related to HIV-positive status89
Health insurance coverage	3 (6.8)	Have basic health care or no specific health care needs90; fear of discrimination88		Lack of information about insurance coverage for clinical trials77
Legal status in United States	2 (4.5)		Concerned immigration status will be affected among immigrants79	Fear of deportation among immigrants67

^aLow perceived risk of disease is a shared barrier for African Americans and Latinos.