. 2014 Feb;104(2):e154–e161. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301571

TABLE 1—

Descriptive Statistics for 1865 Youths in the 9-, 12-, and 15-Year-Old Cohorts of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 1995 and 1999

Variables	Full Sample	Low Disadvantage (n = 496), % or mean (SD)	Moderate Disadvantage (n = 909), % or mean (SD)	High Disadvantage (n = 404), % or mean (SD)	χ² or F-value
Violent victimization	30	29	28	32	2.53
Male	50	50	50	51	0.04
Age, y	11.97 (2.42)	12.13 (2.48)	11.97 (2.41)	11.79 (2.38)	2.20
Race/ethnicity
White	15	39	9	2	352.09***
African American	34	6	29	76	548.35***
Hispanic	47	49	60	20	198.08***
Other	4	6	3	3	7.67*
Family and parenting factors
Family SES	-0.10 (1.42)	0.51 (1.45)	-0.37 (1.40)	-0.22 (1.24)^a ^b	65.57***
Family attachment	0.01 (0.97)	0.08 (0.87)	-0.03 (1.03)	0.01 (0.95)	2.12
Parental warmth	0.03 (0.95)	0.06 (0.91)	0.04 (0.98)	-0.03 (0.92)	1.17
Parental supervision	0.03 (0.96)	-0.15 (1.07)	0.09 (0.94)^c	0.10 (0.86)^a ^b	11.89***
Low self-control	-0.01 (0.98)	-0.05 (0.97)	-0.05 (1.01)	0.12 (0.91)^a ^b	4.92**
Behavioral and lifestyle factors
Delinquent peers	-0.02 (0.97)	-0.26 (0.83)	0.01 (0.99)^c	0.17 (1.02)^a ^b	24.68***
Previous violence	33	29	31	42	24.72***
Unstructured time	0.01 (2.66)	0.24 (2.58)	-0.11 (2.67)^c	-0.00 (2.74)	2.90
Street efficacy	0.00 (1.00)	0.31 (0.96)	-0.13 (0.99)^c	-0.07 (0.99)^a	33.08***

Note. SES = socioeconomic status. Percentages are reported for binary variables; χ² values are reported for binary measures and F-values for composite scales. We standardized each composite measure to have a mean of 0 indicating the average score for the full analysis sample (individual scores above the mean indicate that a participant scored higher than the mean on a particular variable). Additional correlation analyses for categorical measures showed that African Americans, Hispanics, and those reporting greater participation in violence were significantly more likely to reside in high-disadvantage neighborhoods.

^{^a}

(Bonferroni post hoc test) = high disadvantage significantly different from low disadvantage (P < .05).

^{^b}

(Bonferroni post hoc test) = high disadvantage significantly different from moderate disadvantage (P < .05).

^{^c}

(Bonferroni post hoc test) = moderate disadvantage significantly different from low disadvantage (P < .05).