Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants in the Evaluating Community Peer Advisors and Diabetes Outcomes in Rural Alabama (Encourage) study
| Total sample | No pain | Pain* | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants | 417 | 119 | 298 | |
| Mean (SD) age, years | 59.6 (12.8) | 60.6 (13.0) | 59.1 (12.7) | 0.29 |
| Female,% | 76.1 | 71.4 | 77.9 | 0.17 |
| Black,% | 86.6 | 89.1 | 85.9 | 0.60 |
| Education High school or lower,% | 58.2 | 64.7 | 55.9 | 0.10 |
| Annual income,% | ||||
| ≤ $20,000 | 52.7 | 53.5 | 52.2 | 0.45 |
| > $20,000 and ≤ $40,000 | 27.5 | 21.9 | 29.8 | 0.61 |
| > $40,000 | 19.8 | 24.6 | 18.0 | 0.37 |
| Using insulin,% | 39.1 | 32.8 | 41.9 | 0.08 |
| Mean (SD) medication count | 7.7 (4.0) | 6.8 (3.3) | 8.0 (4.3) | <0.01 |
| History of cigarette use,% | 34.1 | 26.1 | 36.9 | 0.03 |
| Mean (SD) BMI, kg/m2 | 36.3 (8.69) | 34.9 (8.36) | 36.8 (8.77) | 0.05 |
| Eat high fat food > 2 days/week,% | 48.7 | 39.5 | 52.7 | 0.02 |
| Exercise < 3 days/week,% | 47.3 | 36.1 | 52.0 | <0.01 |
| Mean (SD) PHQ-8 score | 6.58 (5.71) | 4.06 (4.69) | 7.61 (5.80) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c > 64 mmol/mol (8.0%),% | 35.6 | 26.9 | 39.3 | 0.02 |
*
Participants reporting moderate or extreme pain on the EuroQuol Quality-of-Life scale.
PHQ-8, eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire.