Table 3.

An overview of published data using conventional instrumentation that reported total frontal knee alignment within ±3° of ideal

Author, year	Method	Evaluation method	N	Percentage of knees within ±3° of ideal
Yau et al. 2008 [45]	Manual	postop x-ray	52	75
Stockl et al. 2004 [40]	Manual	postop x-ray	32	94
Hart et al. 2003 [17]	Manual	postop x-ray	60	70
Hart et al. 2003 [17]	Manual	postop x-ray	60	93
Matsumoto et al. 2004 [27]	Manual	postop x-ray	30	67
Tillett et al. 1988 [42]	Manual (IM)	postop x-ray	25	92
Tillett et al. 1988 [42]	Manual (IM)	postop x-ray	25	92
Tillett et al. 1988 [42]	Manual (EM)	postop x-ray	25	80
Tillett et al. 1988 [42]	Manual (EM)	postop x-ray	25	80
Decking et al., 2005 [13]	Manual	postop x-ray	25	36
Decking et al. 2005 [13]	Manual	postop x-ray	25	68
Kim et al. 2005 [23]	Manual	postop x-ray	78	73
Haaker et al. 2005 [15]	Manual	postop x-ray	100	72
Matziolis et al. 2007 [28]	Manual	CT scanner	28	75
Kim et al. 2007 [23]	Manual	postop x-ray	100	82
Chauhan et al. 2004 [7]	Manual	postop x-ray	36	72
Chin et al. 2005 [9]	Manual (IM)	postop x-ray	30	63
Chin et al. 2005 [9]	Manual (EM)	postop x-ray	30	63
Bathis et al. 2004 [3]	Manual	postop x-ray	80	78
Sparmann et al. 2003 [37]	Manual	postop x-ray	120	87
current study	Manual	postop x-ray	156	79