Figure 4. Organelle Dyscoordination in Heart Failure.

Schematic presentation of features in a failing cardiomyocyte: increased neurohormonal stimulation and mechanical stress affects cellular contractility, energy metabolism, conduction, intracellular signaling and cell structure mislocalization. We propose that dys-regulation of various organelles could be considered another feature of the failing heart. We further hypothesize that this is regulated through changes in the homeostasis of secondmessengers, resulting in dynamic regulation of PTMs, and by the disruption of cytoskeletal structures such as IFs. MYO, myofilament; MT, mitochondrion; G, gap junction; D, desmosome.