Table 1.
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Investigations of Marijuana Effects.
| Authors & Year | Participants | Age | Marijuana Use Classification |
Field Strength & Spatial Localization |
Regions of Interest | MRS Results | Clinical or Cognitive MRS Correlates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chang et al., 2006 [43] |
42 HIV+ 21 MJ (3F) 21 CON (4F) 54 HIV− 24 MJ (4F) 30 CON (6F) |
42.7 ± 1.7 44.2 ± 3.0 36.3 ± 2.3 42.2 ± 2.2 |
> 4 days/week | 4T Varian SV MRS |
Thal, rBG, FWM, CBV, rPar WM, occ WM |
↓BG [NAA] HIV+− MJ [ml] [Cho] [Glu] HIV− MJ ↑ Thai [Cr] HIV− MJ ↑ FWM [Glu] HIV+ MJ |
↓ BG [Cho] ↑ MJ use ↑ FWM [Glu] ↑ duration use HIV+ MJ |
| Hermann et al., 2007 [44] |
13 MJ (0F) 13 CON (OF) |
22.2 ± 2.0 23.0 ± 2.0 |
near-daily MJ use | 1.5T Siemens MRSI |
BG, Thal, DLPFC, FWM, HC, VTA, ACC, PCC |
↓ DLPFC NAA/tCr MJ | none significant |
| Cowan et al., 2009 [45] |
17 polypro (aF) (ecst, ale, MJ, coc) |
21.6 ± 2.7 | ≥ 500 lifetime episodes of MJ use |
3T GE 3T Philips SV MRS |
IBA18, BA21.BA45 | no non-MJ group comparisons |
↑ lifetime MJ use ↓ IBA 45 NAA/Cr |
| Prescot et al.,2011 [32] |
17 MJ (2F) 17 CON (9F) |
17.8 ± 1.1 16.2 ± 2.1 |
≥ 100 past year MJ use |
3T Siemens SV MRS |
ACC | ↓ ACC Glu/H20 NAA/H20 tCr/H20 ml/H20 MJ |
none significant |
| Silveri et al.,2011 [33] |
15 MJ-depend (0F) 11 NU (OF) |
21.2 ± 3.4 25.0 ± 4.8 |
DSM-IV criteria for MJ dependence |
4T Varian MRSI |
multiple voxels in MTL | ↓ global ml/Cr MJ ↓ WM ml/Cr MJ |
↑ MJ use, ↓ onset use ↓ non-planning ↑ cognitive impulsivity (BIS) ↓ depression (BDI) ↑ tension (POMS) |
| Sung et al.,2013 [48] |
9 MA (6F) 8 MA + MJ (5F) 10 CON (7F) |
15.7 ± 1.4 16.2 ± 1.2 16.8 ± 0.6 |
K-SADS criteria for MJ dependence |
3T Siemens SVMRS |
midfrontal GM | ↓NAA/tCr MA+MJ |
↑ lifetime MJ dose ↓ onset MJ use ↓ duration of MJ use |
| Mashhoon et al., in press [46] |
13 MJ-depend (0F) 10 NU (0F) |
21.3 ± 3.6 24.7 ± 4.9 |
DSM-IV criteria for MJ dependence |
4T Varian MRSI |
Thai, TC, POC | ↓IThal ml/Cr MJ | ↑ cognitive impulsivity |
| Prescot et al.,2013 [47] |
13 MJ (2F) 16 CON (9F) |
17.9 ± 1.0 16.0 ± 2.2 |
≥ 100 past year MJ use |
3T Siemens SVMRS |
ACC | ↓ACC GABA/H20 Glu/H20 NAA/H20 tCr/H20 ml/H20 MJ |
none significant |
a
Number of female participants not indicated