Table 2.

Results of isolation-with-migration model (IMa) for the splits USA versus Mesoamerica and north versus south of the TMVB based on chloroplast sequences. Model parameters indicate estimates without use of molecular rate of evolution for six parameters (IMa output values). Demographic rates represent parameters scaled to rate of molecular evolution (1.0 × 10⁻⁹ s/s/y, 3.0 × 10⁻⁹ s/s/y, 0.3 × 10⁻⁹ s/s/y); q parameters in thousands of effective population size (N_e), m in genes per generation of effective migration rate (Nm), t parameter in millions of years.

Model parameter estimates	q1	q2	qA	m1	m2	t
USA vs. Mesoamerica	6.919	18.661	198.785	0.134	0.715	11.899
HPD 95%	3.083–12.489	9.788–31.87	7.973–398.082	0.003–0.435	0.211–1.535	2.712–24.087
North vs. south of the TMVB	6.333	3.826	3527.922	0.116	0.172	6.057
HPD 95%	2.397–12.668	0.940–9.261	311.180–9585.365	0.002–0.501	0.003–0.726	1.070–17.770

Demographic parameter estimates	Mutation rate	Generation time	N1	N2	NA	Nm1	Nm2	t
USA vs. Mesoamerica	1.0 × 10−9	34	71,806	193,666	2,063,026	0.4635	6.6713	8,397,318
HPD 95%			31,994–129,612	101,580–330,752	82,744–4,131,366	0.0046–2.7163	1.0326–24.4602	1,913,902–16,998,588
		124	19,688	53,102	565,668
			8,772–35,538	27,852–90,690	22,688–1,132,794
	1.59 × 10−9	34	45,163	121,808	1,297,552			5,281,402
			20,124–81,520	63,890–208,028	52,043–2,598,446			1,203,728–10,691,078
		124	12,383	33,398	355,773
			5,517–22,352	17,517–57,039	14,269–712,463
	3.0 × 10−9	34	23,934	64,544	687,674			2,799,106
			10,664–43,204	33,860–110,250	27,580–1,377,122			637,967–5,666,196
		124	6,562	17,700	188,556
			2,924–11,846	9,284–30,230	7,562–377,598
North vs. south of the TMVB	1.0 × 10−9	34	65,724	39,706	36,613,412	0.3701	0.3298	4,269,583
HPD 95%			24,876–131,470	9,754–96,118	3,229,482–99,478,652	0.0029–3.1765	0.0016–3.3643	755,116–12,540,578
		124	18,020	10,886	10,039,160
			6,820–36,048	2,664–26,352	885,502–27,276,404
	1.59 × 10−9	34	41,338	24,972	23,028,211			2,688,415
			15,646–82689	6,140–60,450	2,031,201–62,567,656			474,922–7,887,261
		124	11,334	6,847	6,314,067
			4,290–22,672	1,682–16,574	556,931–17,155,322
	3.0 × 10−9	34	21,908	13,234	12,204,470			1,423,124
			8,292–43,822	3,250–32,036	1,076,494–33,159,550			251,705–4,180,192
		124	6,006	3,628	2,146,386
			2,272–12,016	890–8,784	295,166–9,092,134