Fig. 3.

Effect of ginsenosides SF, Rk₃, Rg₆, and Rs₄ on TNF-α stimulated NF-κB transcriptional activity in SK-Hep1 cells. Cells transiently transfected with pNF-κB-Luc were pretreated for 1 h with either vehicle (DMSO) or compounds, then treated with TNF-α (10 ng/ml). Unstimulated cells acted as a negative control. Cells were harvested and assayed for luciferase activity. Results are expressed as the mean luciferase activity ± SEM (n=3). Statistical significance is indicated as ^*p<0.05, ^**p<0.01.