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Hypothetic mechanisms of IR-induced HSC senescence. IR may increase the production of ROS by mitochondria and/or NADPH oxidases (NOXs) in HSCs. ROS can induce HSC senescence by stimulating the p38 pathway and/or activating the ATM-CHK2-p53-p21 pathway via induction of DSBs. Both pathways could converge at p16 for the induction of HSC senescence.
