Table 1.

Evidence required for confirmation that pollination occurs via sexual deception

		Characteristics of sexual deception
						Chemical attractant			Confirmation of sexual deception
Species	Pollinator	MALE	POL (N)	REWARD	INFORM	RA	OP	EX	PRE-MATE	COPULA	EJAC	Pheromone	Reference
Orchidaceae
Caladenia pectinata	Thynnine wasp	Yes	1	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Not likely	Unknown	Phillips et al. (2013)
Calochilus holtzei	Scoliid wasp	Yes	1?	No	Yes	Yes	X	X	Yes	Yes	Not likely	Unknown	Jones and Gray (1974)
Chiloglottis trapeziformis	Thynnine wasps	Yes	2	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Not likely	Chiloglottones	Schiestl et al. (2003)
Cryptostylis erecta	Ichneumonid wasp	Yes	1	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	Unknown	Gaskett et al. (2008)
Disa atricapilla	Sphecid wasp	Yes	1	No	No	X	Yes	X	?	No	No	Unknown	Steiner et al. (1994)
Drakaea glyptodon	Thynnine wasp	Yes	1	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Not likely	Pyrazines	Peakall (1990), Bohman et al. (2012a)
Geoblasta penicillata	Scoliid wasp	Yes	1	No	Yes	X	Yes	X	?	Yes	Not likely	Unknown	Ciotek et al. (2006)
Lepanthes glicensteinii	Sciarid gnat	Yes	1	No	Yes	X	Yes	X	Yes	Yes	Yes?	Unknown	Blanco and Barboza (2005)
Leporella fimbriata	Formicid ant	Yes	1	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Not likely	Unknown	Peakall (1989)
Mormolyca ringens	Apid bees	Yes	2	No	Yes	X	X	X	?	Yes	Not likely	Alkenes and alkanes?	Singer et al. (2004); Flach et al. (2006)
Ophrys sphegodes	Andrenid bee	Yes	5?	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Not likely	Alkenes and alkanes	Schiestl et al. (1999), Gaskett (2011)
Orchis galilaea	Halictid bee	Yes	1	No	No	X	Yes	X	No	No	No	Unknown	Bino et al. (1982)
Paracaleana nigrita	Thynnine wasp	Yes	X	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	X	X	X	X	Unknown	Hopper and Brown (2006)
Pterostylis sanguinea	Mycetophilid gnat	Yes	1	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Not likely	Unknown	Present study
Serapias lingua	Apid bee	Yes	1?	No	Yes	X	X	X	?	Yes	Not likely	Unknown	Vereecken et al. (2012)
Trigonidium obtusum	Meliponine bee	Yes	1	No	No	X	No?	X	?	Yes	Not likely	Unknown	Singer (2002)
Spiculaea ciliata	Thynnine wasp	Yes	1	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Not likely	Unknown	Alcock (2000)
Asteraceae
Gorteria diffusa	Bombyliid fly	No	1	Yes	Yes	No	No	X	Yes	Yes	No	No pheromone?	De Jager and Ellis (2012)
Iridaceae
Iris paradoxa	Apid bee	Yes	1?	X	Yes	X	X	X	Yes	Yes	Not likely	Unknown	Vereecken et al. (2012)

Examples from the literature are used to show the characteristics of sexual deception and identify gaps in the literature: X, this element has not been tested or quantified; MALE, only males are pollinators; POL (N), number of pollinator species. REWARD, a reward is provided to the pollinator; INFORM, insectiform flower.

A chemical attractant can be confirmed with three lines of evidence: RA, rapid attraction of pollinators; OP, the pollinator behaves as if it is tracking an odour plume; EX, experiments such as covering of flowers. PRE-MATE, pre-mating behaviour such as courtship signals or grasping prior to copulation; COPULA, attempts copulation with the flower; EJAC, ejaculates on the flower.

Note that (1) not all pollinators responding to a given species show the full repertoire of behaviours, and (2) data in this table only relate to pollinators attracted by sexual deception.