Table 1.
Functions of the ER stress-induced genes considered in this study
| Component 1 | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|
|
ATF4 |
Indicator of PERK activation, transcription factor which contributes to the transcriptional activation of chaperones and foldases |
[5] |
|
BAK1 |
ER stress induced pro-apoptotic gene of the BCL-2 family proteins |
[10] |
|
BAX |
ER stress induced pro-apoptotic gene of the BCL-2 family proteins |
[26] |
|
HSPA5 (encoding BiP) |
Chaperon, master regulator of UPR |
[5,27] |
|
CASP3, CASP8, CASP9 (encoding caspases 3, 8, 9) |
ER stress induced members of a family of cysteine proteases which are critical mediators of apoptosis |
[9,13,27,28] |
|
DDIT3 (encoding CHOP) |
Non ER localised transcription factor, induced by ER stress through PERK and ATF6, mediates ER stress induced apoptosis |
[29] |
|
EDEM1 |
ER stress induced target of IRE, component of the ER-associated degradation system (ERAD) |
[29,30] |
|
HERPUD1 (encoding HERP) |
ER stress induced target of ATF6, a resident membrane protein involved in the ERAD complex |
[31] |
|
PDIA4 |
ER stress induced target of PERK, one of the most important ER resident protein folding enzymes with chaperone activity in preventing the aggregation of unfolded substrates |
[25] |
|
DNAJC3 (encoding P58IPK) |
ER stress induced target of IRE, a molecular chaperone |
[32] |
|
WARS |
ER stress induced target of PERK, ATF4 target gene, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase involved in protein synthesis |
[33] |
| XBP1 | ER stress induced target of IRE, transcription factor which induces the transcriptional activation of chaperones | [5] |
1ATF4 = activating transcription factor 4; BAK1 = BCL2-antagonist/killer 1; BAX = BCL2-associated X protein; CASP = apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase; DDIT3 = DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3; DNAJC3 = DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 3; EDEM1 = ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase alpha-like 1; HERPUD1 = homocysteine-inducible, endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducible, ubiquitin-like domain member 1; HSPA5 = heat shock 70 kDa protein 5; PDIA4 = protein disulfide isomerase family A, member 4; WARS = tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase; XBP1 = X-box binding protein 1.