Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and birth-related characteristics
| Psychotic BD (n = 48) | Non-psychotic BD (n = 31) | Control subjects (n = 140) | p a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (s.d.) | Range | Mean (s.d.) | Range | Mean (s.d.) | Range | ||
| Sex, n (%) | 0.024 | ||||||
| Male | 23 (48) | 8 (26) | 74 (53) | ||||
| Female | 25 (52) | 23 (74) | 66 (47) | ||||
| Handedness, n (%) | 0.660 | ||||||
| Right | 39 (87) | 28 (90) | 130 (93) | ||||
| Left | 5 (11) | 3 (10) | 9 (6) | ||||
| Ambidextrous | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | ||||
| Perinatal asphyxia, n (%) | 0.314 | ||||||
| Yes | 9 (19) | 7 (23) | 18 (13) | ||||
| No | 39 (81) | 24 (77) | 122 (87) | ||||
| Severe OCs, n (%) | 0.209 | ||||||
| Yes | 18 (37) | 9 (29) | 34 (24) | ||||
| No | 30 (63) | 22 (71) | 106 (76) | ||||
| Age, years | 29.9 (6.7) | 19–42 | 28.7 (4.8) | 18–42 | 30.8 (6.1) | 18–42 | 0.200 |
| Gestational age, weeks | 39.7 (2.4) | 31–44 | 40.2 (1.9) | 35–43 | 39.9 (1.8) | 35–45 | 0.535 |
| Maternal age, years | 28.0 (4.7) | 18–39 | 27.7 (5.8) | 20–40 | 27.3 (4.8) | 18–40 | 0.690 |
| Birth weight, g | 3570 (623) | 1880–4900 | 3523 (456) | 2580–4560 | 3518 (528) | 2200–4990 | 0.843 |
| Birth head circumference, cm (n = 103) | 35.4 (1.4) | 32–38 | 34.8 (1.5) | 32–38 | 35.3 (1.4) | 32–38 | 0.438 |
| Duration of education, years | 13.6 (2.3) | 9–20 | 13.6 (2.2) | 9–18 | 14.1 (2.2) | 9–20 | 0.229 |
| NART IQ | 106.2 (4.1) | 97.6–114.2 | 106.6 (3.2) | 98.7–112.2 | 107.0 (3.7) | 97.7–114.7 | 0.094 |
| YMRS | 2.4 (3.1) | 0–11 | 2.4 (2.8) | 0–8 | 0.980 | ||
| IDS | 15.6 (13.0) | 0–50 | 22.6 (11.6) | 7–51 | 0.021 | ||
| GAF symptom | 57 (11) | 35–80 | 57 (7) | 42–69 | 0.951 | ||
| GAF function | 53 (14) | 31–82 | 59 (9) | 43–75 | 0.063 | ||
| PANSS positive | 10.2 (3.6) | 7–25 | 9.8 (2.8) | 7–17 | 0.775 | ||
| PANSS negative | 10.7 (4.0) | 7–25 | 10.6 (3.7) | 7–21 | 0.867 | ||
| Age at illness onset, years | 25.9 (7.2) | 14–41 | 24.7 (5.2) | 16–38 | 0.408 | ||
| Medication, DDD (n = pBD/npBD) | |||||||
| Antipsychotics (n = 30/4) | 0.9 (0.6) | 0.1–2.5 | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.5–1.0 | 0.358 | ||
| Antiepileptics (n = 21/17) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.7–1.3 | 0.5(0.3) | 0.3–1.1 | 0.064 | ||
| Antidepressants (n = 20/13) | 1.5 (0.8) | 0.3–3.0 | 1.6 (0.7) | 0.8–3.0 | 0.794 | ||
| Lithium (n = 8/4) | 1.1 (0.4) | 0.5–1.8 | 0.9 (0.3) | 0.5–1.3 | 0.587 | ||
BD, Bipolar disorder; s.d., standard deviation; OCs, obstetric complications as scored by the McNeil Sjöström scale; NART IQ, NART National Adult Reading Test; YMRS Young Mania Rating Scale; IDS, Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology; GAF, Global Assessment of Function scale – split version; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; DDD, defined daily dosage; pBD psychotic BD; npBD non-psychotic BD.
Data are given as number (percentage) or as mean (s.d.) and range.
a
Analysed by χ2 for sex, handedness, perinatal asphyxia and severe OCs; otherwise analysis of variance.