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The mechanisms of the Müller glial antimicrobial response. Following microbial (bacteria) insult, Müller glia elicit innate defense responses in an attempt to limit bacterial growth. These include the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which possess the ability to kill the bacteria directly. Additionally, Müller glia can phagocytize and kill the pathogens intracellularly.
