Figure 1. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes transepithelial translocation through epithelial barrier by bioengineered probiotic, Lactobacillus paracasei expressing Listeria adhesion protein (LAP). (A) Immunofluorescence staining of LAP expression by Listeria monocytogenes^WT and recombinant Lb. paracasei^LAP. (B) Recombinant Lb. paracasei^LAP (LbpLAP) showing about 46% reduction in L. monocytogenes translocation through epithelial barrier while, Lb. paracasei^WT (LbpWT) or Lb. paracasei containing empty vector (LbpLAP-) had no effect. Figures adapted from Koo et al.⁶⁴