. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Feb 27.

Published in final edited form as: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Aug;28(0 1):112–115. doi: 10.1111/jgh.12023

Table 2.

HSCs in liver innate immunity

HSCs	Liver innate immunity	References
Regulatory bystanders	Enhancing differentiation and accumulation of regulatory T cells	⁹
Interaction with immune cells	Express retinoic acid early inducible-1, CD1d, and MHC I and II, directly interact NK cells, NKT cells and T cells	^10,13,14
NK cell activation	Inhibit liver fibrosis and hepatitis C virus replication	^5–7,11
Inhibition of bacterial infection	Against bacterial infection in a Listeria monocytogenes infection model	¹³
Inhibition of viral infection	Express functional Toll-like receptors and retinoic acid inducible gene I receptors, activation of which induce the production of type I and type III IFNs	^8,12,15

HSC, hepatic stellate cell; NK, natural killer.