Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| HCa | ANX | SMD | BD | Test statistic | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 38 | n = 42 | n = 61 | n = 35 | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| % female | 39.5% | 57.1% | 36.1% | 48.6% | χ2 = 5.10 | 0.165 |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 13.5 (2.3) | 10.9 (2.4) | 12.6 (2.3) | 15.2 (2.3) | F(3,172) = 23.1 | <0.001b |
| IQ | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 116.5 (12.3) | 109.3 (13.9) | 106.9 (13.8) | 103.7 (15.6) | F(3,172) = 5.8 | 0.001c |
| SESd | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 38.2 (17.5) | 34.2 (13.2) | 40.8 (19.8) | 43.6 (19.9) | F(3,141) = 1.6 | 0.200 |
| Race/Ethnicityen (%) | χ2 | P | ||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 0 | 6 (14%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (3%) | 12.2 | 0.007 |
| Asian | 0 | 2 (5%) | 4 (7%) | 0 | 4.8 | 0.188 |
| Black/African American | 3 (8%) | 3 (7%) | 0 | 2 (6%) | 4.5 | 0.212 |
| White | 31 (82%) | 25 (60%) | 49 (83%) | 31 (89%) | 11.9 | 0.008 |
| Other | 4 (11%) | 6 (14%) | 5 (9%) | 1 (3%) | 3.1 | 0.376 |
| KSADS diagnoses n (%) | χ2 | P | ||||
| Any anxiety | n/a | 30 (49%) | 26 (74%) | 5.8 | 0.016f | |
| SAD | 20 (48%) | 14 (23%) | 12 (34%) | 6.8 | 0.033 | |
| GAD | 29 (69%) | 22 (36%) | 21 (60%) | 12.0 | 0.002 | |
| SoPh | 24 (57%) | 13 (21%) | 10 (29%) | 14.8 | 0.001 | |
| ADHD | 4 (10%) | 51 (84%) | 29 (83%) | 66.8 | <0.001 | |
| ODD | 1 (2%) | 44 (72%) | 13 (37%) | 50.1 | <0.001 | |
HC, healthy control; ANX, anxiety disorders; SMD, severe mood dysregulation; BD, bipolar disorder.
Post hoc comparisons showed that ANX<SMD<BD, ANX<HC = BD, and HC = SMD.
Post hoc comparisons showed that BD = SMD<HC and ANX = All.
SES refers to socioeconomic status measured by the Hollingshead 2 factor index.31 SES data were not available for 31 participants.
Self-identified race/ethnicity categories and labels are consistent with current U.S. federal guidelines.32 Hispanic/Latino is defined as an ethnicity that may be of any race, others are divided by racial categories presented. No participant identified as Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander or American Indian/Alaskan Native. “Other” refers to participants who identified as two or more races or other. Race/ethnicity data were not available for two individuals in the SMD group.
Proportions of “any anxiety” were tested between the BD and SMD groups only, all other KSADS diagnoses were tested between ANX, BD, and SMD groups.
High rates of ADHD and ODD are expected in the SMD and BD groups because of their characteristic irritability.