Table 2. Univariate and multivariable associations between risk factors and having any STH infection during the first 3 years of life.
| Variable | Univariate | Multivariable | ||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Child Factors | ||||
| Sex: Male vs. Female | 0.96 (0.79–1.16) | 0.671 | ||
| Gestational age: <39 vs. ≥39 weeks | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) | 0.639 | ||
| Birth Order: ≥5th vs. <5thh | 1.79 (1.41–2.29) | <0.001 | 1.85 (1.31–2.60) | 0.001 |
| Maternal Factors | ||||
| Age: <26 vs. ≥26 years | 1.19 (0.98–1.44) | 0.082 | 1.52 (1.15–2.01) | 0.003 |
| Ethnicity: Afro vs. Other | 2.38 (1.91–2.97) | <0.001 | 2.11 (1.61–2.75) | <0.001 |
| Educational level | ||||
| Primary vs. Illiterate | 0.53 (0.40–0.70) | <0.001 | ||
| Secondary vs. Illiterate | 0.24 (0.18–0.34) | <0.001 | ||
| Paternal Factors | ||||
| Age: <30 vs. ≥30 years | 0.88 (0.73–1.07) | 0.197 | ||
| Ethnicity: Afro vs. Other | 1.84 (1.46–2.31) | <0.002 | ||
| Educational level | ||||
| Primary vs. Illiterate | 0.62 (0.47–0.83) | 0.001 | ||
| Secondary vs. Illiterate | 0.40 (0.29–0.55) | <0.001 | ||
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Medium vs. Low | 0.80 (0.63–1.01) | 0.056 | 0.79 (0.60–1.06) | 0.118 |
| High vs. Low | 0.53 (0.42–0.68) | <0.001 | 0.54 (0.40–0.74) | <0.001 |
| Environmental Factors | ||||
| Area of residence: Urban vs. Rural | 1.39 (1.13–1.72) | 0.002 | 1.72 (1.31–2.27) | <0.001 |
| Household overcrowding: ≥3 vs. <3 | 2.25 (1.76–2.89) | <0.001 | 1.81 (1.38–2.39) | <0.001 |
| Maternal STH Infections | ||||
| Any geohelminth: Yes vs. No | 2.67 (2.19–3.26) | <0.001 | ||
| A. lumbricoides: Yes vs. No | 2.66 (2.13–3.31) | <0.001 | ||
| A. lumbricoides intensity (epg) | ||||
| Light vs. Negative | 2.07 (1.63–2.62) | <0.001 | 1.50 (1.13–1.99) | 0.005 |
| Moderate/heavy vs. Negative | 13.1 (6.7–25.6) | <0.001 | 11.6 (4.83–27.8) | <0.001 |
| T. trichiura: Yes vs. No | 2.53 (2.04–3.14) | <0.001 | ||
| T. trichiura intensity (epg) | ||||
| Light vs. Negative | 2.21 (1.76–2.77) | <0.001 | ||
| Moderate/heavy vs. Negative | 5.53 (3.16–9.67) | <0.001 | ||
| Hookworm: Yes vs. No | 2.20 (1.47–3.30) | <0.001 | ||
| Paternal STH infection: Yes vs. No | 1.83 (1.35–2.49) | <0.001 | ||
| Household member with STH infection: Yes vs. No | 2.07 (1.70–2.51) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.13–1.83) | 0.003 |
| Number of stool samples from child | ||||
| ≥5 vs. 1–4 | 1.23 (91.01–1.49) | 0.039 | 1.28 (1.01–1.62) | 0.041 |
| Number of anthelmintic treatments | ||||
| 1 vs. 0 | 1.09 (0.86–1.39) | 0.48 | ||
| ≥2 vs. 0 | 1.27 (0.97–1.65) | 0.078 | ||
Multivariable analyses included data from 1,381 children for whom complete data were available. Paternal STH infection was excluded from the multivariate model because of missing data. Odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using logistic regression. STH were detected using all 3 microscopic detection methods. Overcrowding was defined as number of household members per sleeping room. SES (socioeconomic) index shows tertiles of Z scores calculated using principal components analysis. Paternal and maternal age, overcrowding, and gestational age used the mean as cut-off. STH infection intensity categories were: A. lumbricoides (light- <5,000 eggs per gramme of stool [epg]; moderate = 5,000–49,999; heavy – ≥50,000); T. trichiura (light - <1,000 epg; moderate – 1,000–9,999; heavy – ≥10,000).