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. 2013 Dec 8;3(1):15–28. doi: 10.1002/mbo3.143

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© 2013 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Model for acid resistance acquisition by rpoS-activating sRNAs in Escherichia coli cells. All three sRNAs are upregulated in the stationary phase. Expression of ArcZ and DsrA is induced under aerobic conditions and low temperatures, respectively. Expression of RprA is activated by Rcs phosphorelay. Expression of DsrA and RprA, but not ArcZ, is induced under acid stress. RpoS is activated by all three sRNAs in a Hfq-dependent manner. RpoS promotes gadX expression, and subsequently, GadX activates expression of GadE, which is a transcriptional activator for gadA and gadBC encoding key components in the AR2 system. RpoS-dependent, GadX-independent pathways of GadE induction also exist. RcsB, a response regulator of Rcs phosphorelay system, interacts with GadE to activate GadE.