Table 1.

Cognitive domains assessed in dog aging and comparison with nonhuman primate tasks and analogous tasks used in human neuropsychological testing.

Cognitive domain	Dog task	Localization in dog brain	Nonhuman primate tasks	Examples of human neuropsychological tasksa
Learning	Visual discrimination learning	Medial temporal lobe/parietal lobeb	Visual discrimination learning [112,113]	Digit copy, rotary pursuit, face discrimination [114], object discrimination [115,116]
	Reward and object approach learning	Nigrostriatal and motor cortexb	Food pickup task, fine motor learning [117,118]
Memory	Delayed nonmatching to sample acquisition	Rhinal cortex [23]	Object recognition memory task [28]	Delayed recognition and recall, digit span [119]
	Delayed nonmatching to sample memory	Rhinal cortex [23]	Object recognition memory task [28]
	Spatial delayed nonmatch to sample acquisition	Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [23]	Delayed response task [120, 121]
	spatial delayed nonmatch to sample memory	Hippocampus [122]	Delayed response task [120, 121]
Executive function	Visual reversal learning	Prefrontal cortex/medial temporal lobe [123]	Visual reversal learning [112,113]	Card or object sorting tasks, set shifting, response inhibition [124]
	Oddity discrimination	Prefrontal cortex/medial temporal lobeb	N/A
	Egocentric spatial reversal learning	Hippocampal/prefrontal cortexb	Spatial reversal [112]
	Size concept learning	Prefrontal cortex/medial temporal lobeb	Hierarchical/relational learning [125]
Visuospatial function	Landmark discrimination	Prefrontal cortex/parietal cortexb	Landmark discrimination [126]	Visual construction, block design, spatial learning [115,116]
	Egocentric spatial learning	Hippocampus/medial temporal lobeb	Spatial learning [112]

^aNeuropsychological tasks for humans that assess function in similar cognitive domains reproduced from [127].

^bProposed localization — not confirmed in lesion studies in dogs.