Table 4.
Prevalence of control and adjusted model for effective control of hypertension in hypertensive participants (odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals)
| Overall | China | Ghana | India | Mexico | Russian Federation | South Africa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 17 366) | (n = 7152) | (n = 2303) | (n = 1962) | (n = 1159) | (n = 2256) | (n = 2129) | ||
| Prevalence of Control (%) | ||||||||
| Total | 10.2 (9.7–10.6) | 8.3 (7.7–8.9) | 4.1 (3.3–4.9) | 14.1 (12.6–15.6) | 11.8 (10.0–13.6) | 10.5 (9.3–11.7) | 7.8 (6.8–8.8) | |
| Male | 9.1 (8.5–9.7) | 8.2 (7.3–9.1) | 4.0 (2.9–5.1) | 13.1 (11.0–15.2) | 6.5 (4.4–8.6) | 8.8 (7.0–10.6) | 5.8 (4.5–7.1) | |
| Female | 11.1 (10.5–11.7) | 8.3 (7.4–9.2) | 4.3 (3.2–5.4) | 15.1 (12.9–17.3) | 15.9 (13.2–18.6) | 11.5 (9.9–13.1) | 9.2 (7.8–10.6) | |
| Odds Ratios | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 50–54 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 55–59 | 1.45 (1.22–1.73) | 1.39 (1.01–1.93) | 1.93 (0.86–4.32) | 1.30 (0.85–2.00) | 11.7 (4.42–31.2) | 0.99 (0.60–1.61) | 1.39 (0.80–2.38) | |
| 60–64 | 1.49 (1.23–1.80) | 1.40 (1.01–1.96) | 0.95 (0.34–2.66) | 1.32 (0.80–2.15) | 4.56 (1.62–12.8) | 1.71 (1.03–2.84) | 0.69 (0.36–1.33) | |
| 65–69 | 1.78 (1.48–2.14) | 1.72 (1.25–2.39) | 2.69 (1.17–6.15) | 1.49 (0.92–2.42) | 4.91 (1.76–13.7) | 1.60 (0.96–2.66) | 3.11 (1.88–5.16) | |
| 70+ | 1.82 (1.53–2.16) | 1.53 (1.12–2.09) | 2.60 (1.20–5.62) | 2.47 (1.58–3.86) | 5.74 (2.21–14.8) | 1.18 (0.72–1.93) | 1.56 (0.93–2.61) | |
| Sex | Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 1.22 (1.09–1.36) | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) | 1.36 (0.85–2.18) | 1.41 (1.01–1.96) | 2.66 (1.64–4.31) | 1.79 (1.29–2.49) | 1.70 (1.16–2.48) | |
| BMI | Normal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Underweight | 0.83 (0.66–1.03) | 0.81 (0.45–1.47) | 0.59 (0.23–1.53) | 0.72 (0.49–1.03) | 3.97 (0.36–42.9) | <0.001 (<0.001- >999) | 5.52 (2.38–12.7) | |
| Overweight | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 0.79 (0.47–1.34) | 1.37 (0.97–1.93) | 1.45 (0.82–2.56) | 0.67 (0.47–0.97) | 0.99 (0.56–1.74) | |
| Obese | 0.81 (0.69–0.94) | 0.90 (0.63–1.28) | 0.68 (0.36–1.29) | 1.71 (0.94–3.11) | 1.14 (0.61–2.12) | 0.50 (0.33–0.74) | 1.50 (0.90–2.49) | |
| Health insurance | Insured | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Uninsured | 1.44 (1.28–1.62) | 1.16 (0.90–1.51) | 0.67 (0.43–1.05) | 0.49 (0.31–0.78) | 0.34 (0.19–0.59) | 0.67 (0.07–6.41) | 0.80 (0.53–1.22) | |
| Location | Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | 0.51 (0.45–0.58) | 0.17 (0.13–0.22) | 0.42 (0.23–0.74) | 0.73 (0.54–0.97) | 1.52 (0.94–2.45) | 0.57 (0.40–0.83) | 0.74 (0.49–1.12) | |
| Education | Primary | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| None | 1.15 (0.98–1.34) | 1.01 (0.76–1.33) | 0.77 (0.42–1.41) | 1.08 (0.75–1.56) | 2.01 (1.16–3.48) | 0.17 (0.01–5.19) | 1.63 (1.05–2.53) | |
| Secondary/ higher | 1.40 (1.24–1.59) | 1.39 (1.13–1.71) | 1.10 (0.61–2.01) | 1.46 (0.99–2.15) | 1.22 (0.68–2.20) | 0.73 (0.43–1.24) | 1.34 (0.88–2.03) | |
| Wealth quintile | Poorest | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 1.14 (0.93–1.40) | 1.22 (0.85–1.74) | 0.50 (0.14–1.69) | 1.37 (0.71–2.62) | 0.48 (0.23–1.01) | 1.36 (0.79–2.35) | 3.03 (1.54–5.96) | |
| Q3 | 1.41 (1.16–1.73) | 1.24 (0.88–1.75) | 0.93 (0.33–2.64) | 1.51 (0.79–2.88) | 1.39 (0.68–2.82) | 1.36 (0.79–2.36) | 2.11 (1.04–4.31) | |
| Q4 | 2.02 (1.67–2.44) | 1.30 (0.93–1.83) | 1.17 (0.44–3.11) | 2.88 (1.60–5.20) | 1.77 (0.87–3.60) | 2.23 (1.32–3.77) | 3.64 (1.83–7.27) | |
| Richest | 2.28 (1.89–2.75) | 1.00 (0.70–1.42) | 2.83 (1.10–7.28) | 3.11 (1.71–5.63) | 1.29 (0.65–2.58) | 2.51 (1.48–4.25) | 3.91 (1.94–7.85) | |
| Alcohol consumption | Life-time abstainers | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Non heavy drinker | 0.78 (0.66–0.91) | 0.70 (0.53–0.94) | 1.57 (0.94–2.63) | 0.52 (0.25–1.07) | 0.47 (0.19–1.15) | 1.30 (0.93–1.83) | 0.28 (0.10–0.75) | |
| Infrequent heavy drinkers | 0.88 (0.59–1.31) | 0.62 (0.23–1.64) | <0.001 (<0.001- >999) | <0.001 (<0.001- >999) | 0.22 (0.05–0.89) | 2.34 (1.14–4.80) | 0.80 (0.21–3.04) | |
| Frequent heavy drinkers | 0.34 (0.19–0.61) | 0.53 (0.28–0.97) | <0.001 (<0.001- >999) | <0.001 (<0.001- >999) | <0.001 (<0.001- >999) | 0.10 (<0.001–65.3) | <0.001 (<0.001- >999) | |
| Physical activity | High | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Moderate | 1.17 (1.03–1.32) | 1.31 (1.06–1.62) | 1.98 (1.00–3.92) | 0.91 (0.65–1.28) | 1.41 (0.81–2.45) | 1.05 (0.71–1.55) | 2.29 (1.26–4.16) | |
| Low | 0.91 (0.80–1.04) | 1.12 (0.90–1.41) | 2.78 (1.65–4.68) | 0.74 (0.52–1.05) | 1.02 (0.61–1.70) | 0.74 (0.50–1.10) | 2.18 (1.36–3.49) | |