Table 1.
Characteristics of normal and delayed sleep onset phenotypes in depressed young people (N = 305)
| |
Delayed
n =
56 |
|
Normal
n =
249 |
|
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | % | Frequency | % | OR (95% CI) | p | |
|
Gender |
|
|
|
|
|
.19 |
| Males |
18 |
32% |
59 |
24% |
1.5 (0.8 - 2.9) |
|
| Females |
38 |
68% |
190 |
76% |
|
|
|
Employment |
|
|
|
|
|
.98 |
| Not in employment |
37 |
66% |
164 |
66% |
1.0 (0.1 - 1.8) |
|
| In employment |
19 |
34% |
85 |
34% |
|
|
|
Education |
|
|
|
|
|
.01 |
| Not in education |
27 |
48% |
77 |
31% |
2.1 (1.2 - 3.8) |
|
| In education |
29 |
52% |
172 |
69% |
|
|
|
High Substance Risk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tobacco |
39 |
71% |
113 |
45% |
2.9 (1.6 - 5.5) |
.001 |
| Alcohol |
18 |
33% |
39 |
16% |
2.6 (1.4 - 5.1) |
.003 |
| Cannabis |
24 |
43% |
69 |
28% |
2.0 (1.1 - 3.6) |
.03 |
|
Sleep quality |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poor sleep quality |
42 |
75% |
171 |
69% |
1.4 (0.7 - 2.7) |
.35 |
| Good sleep quality |
14 |
25% |
78 |
31% |
|
|
|
Fatigue |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Persistent fatigue |
9 |
16% |
50 |
20% |
1.3 (0.6 - 2.9) |
.49 |
| Non-persistent fatigue |
47 |
84% |
199 |
80% |
|
|
| |
x̅ |
SD |
x̅ |
SD |
MD (95% CI) |
|
| Age |
18.5 |
2.3 |
18.3 |
3.1 |
0.2 (-0.5 - 0.9) |
.60 |
| Hours spent in bed |
6.7 |
2.7 |
8.8 |
2.1 |
-2.0 (-2.8--1.3) |
.000 |
| Self-reported sleep duration (hrs) |
5.9 |
2.3 |
6.9 |
2.1 |
-1.0 (-1.6--0.4) |
.002 |
| Calculated sleep duration (hrs) |
5.8 |
2.7 |
7.8 |
2.3 |
-2.0 (-2.8--1.2) |
.000 |
| Minutes taken to fall asleep |
85.2 |
68.0 |
68.9 |
56.9 |
16.3 (-0.9 - 33.6) |
.06 |
| Fun-seeking |
8.1 |
2.8 |
9.0 |
2.7 |
-0.9 (-1.7 - -0.1) |
.03 |
| Drive |
10.2 |
3.2 |
10.3 |
2.7 |
-0.1 (-0.9 - 0.7) |
.80 |
| Reward Responsiveness |
9.8 |
3.0 |
9.6 |
2.8 |
0.2 (-0.6 - 1.0) |
.65 |
| Inhibition |
12.0 |
4.8 |
11.4 |
3.8 |
0.7 (-0.5 - 1.8) |
.24 |
| Rumination |
33.3 |
6.5 |
32.1 |
5.5 |
1.2 (-0.4 - 2.9) |
.15 |
| Depression |
15.3 |
3.6 |
14.9 |
3.2 |
0.4 (-0.6 - 1.3) |
.42 |
| Anxiety |
13.9 |
5.2 |
13.0 |
5.0 |
0.9 (-0.6 - 2.3) |
.24 |
| Mania |
5.1 |
5.7 |
4.6 |
5.2 |
0.5 (-1.0 - 2.1) |
.50 |
| Psychological Distress |
36.2 |
7.7 |
34.7 |
7.2 |
1.5 (-0.6 - 3.6) |
.16 |
| Suicidal Ideation |
9.1 |
9.2 |
9.7 |
8.8 |
-0.6 (-3.2 - 2.0) |
.64 |
| SOFAS score |
58.7 |
10.0 |
62.3 |
10.0 |
-3.6 (-6.5 - -0.7) |
.02 |
| WHODAS score |
19.9 |
9.6 |
17.6 |
8.7 |
2.2 (-0.4 - 4.9) |
.09 |
| Quality of life | 2.5 | 1.1 | 2.6 | .9 | -0.1 (-0.4 - 0.1) | .31 |
Bold = adjusted alpha level of p < .004 . SOFAS: Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale, WHODAS: World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule.