Skip to main content
. 2014 Feb 28;9(2):e87401. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087401

Figure 1. Major trends in UPE developments in the last 50 years.

Figure 1

The historical development of this field can be subdivided in five main areas: (1) the initiation of research of UPE with photomultiplier tubes in USSR and its connection to radical oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation, (2) the recognition of UPE world wide and globalization of this research, (3) the use of UPE as a non-invasive diagnostic marker, (4) the extension of time measurement into spatial patterns, and (5) the use of photon count distributions (PCD) and statistics (PCS) (based on fluctuations in the number of photons in successive counting in contiguous measurement times) for detecting a ‘light language’ that is connected with the system’s organization of the living biological state.