Table 1. Performance of kernel-related traits in the immortalized F₂ population.

Year	Location	Trait a	F1	Parents		IF2
				Huang C	Xu 178	Mean ± SE	Range	CV(%)b
2009	Zhengzhou	KL	1.03	0.72	0.63	0.88±0.005	0.62–1.06	7.74
		KWI	0.66	0.80	0.69	0.65±0.003	0.51–0.79	7.55
		KT	0.46	0.64	0.56	0.44±0.002	0.38–0.59	5.60
		KV	0.24	0.26	0.20	0.21±0.002	0.15–0.28	10.74
		KW	0.27	0.26	0.26	0.24±0.002	0.18–0.36	12.15
	Anyang	KL	0.98	0.89	0.75	0.88±0.005	0.65–1.07	7.61
		KWI	0.68	0.75	0.68	0.65±0.003	0.52–0.79	7.29
		KT	0.48	0.63	0.56	0.44±0.002	0.39–0.51	5.23
		KV	0.25	0.27	0.20	0.20±0.002	0.14–0.27	10.91
		KW	0.29	0.27	0.23	0.24±0.002	0.17–0.32	12.04
2010	Zhengzhou	KL	0.91	0.69	0.53	0.86±0.005	0.60–1.03	8.51
		KWI	0.71	0.74	0.76	0.64±0.003	0.51–0.77	7.52
		KT	0.44	0.64	0.52	0.44±0.002	0.38–0.50	5.66
		KV	0.24	0.26	0.22	0.20±0.002	0.14–0.29	11.73
		KW	0.28	0.25	0.25	0.24±0.002	0.17–0.32	11.39
	Anyang	KL	0.98	0.69	0.64	0.88±0.005	0.64–1.09	7.59
		KWI	0.69	0.74	0.7	0.64±0.003	0.52–0.76	7.53
		KT	0.42	0.64	0.55	0.44±0.002	0.39–0.51	5.53
		KV	0.25	0.26	0.21	0.20±0.002	0.15–0.29	10.75
		KW	0.29	0.25	0.25	0.24±0.002	0.16–0.34	12.19
	IF2		KL	KWI	KT	KV	KW
		h2b(%)c	86.5	90.2	89.4	70.5	87.0
		p valued	1.08E-13	2.68E-04	2.01E-7	0.021	0.001

Notes: ^a KL, kernel length; KWI, kernel width; KT, kernel thickness; KV, kernel volume; KW, kernel weight;

^bCV, coefficient of variation;

^c h²b, broad-sense heritability;

^d p value, statistical significance of kernel-related traits in the four environments.